Title: Addressing the Student Dropout Crisis After +2 in Nepal: Causes, Impacts, and Sustainable Solutions
Introduction
Nepal is experiencing a concerning trend: a significant number of students are discontinuing their education after completing the +2 level. This dropout phenomenon is influenced by various factors, including government policies, students' aspirations to study abroad, and the allure of better opportunities overseas. Understanding these causes is crucial for developing effective strategies to retain students and ensure their continuous academic and professional growth within Nepal.
Causes of Student Dropout After +2
1. Limited Employment Opportunities
Despite possessing academic qualifications, many graduates face challenges in securing employment due to a mismatch between their skills and the job market's demands. The National Statistics Office's 2024 report indicates that the unemployment rate among youths aged 15-24 has risen to 22.7%, highlighting the scarcity of job opportunities for young individuals.
2. Desire for Higher Education Abroad
The perception of better educational quality and career prospects abroad motivates many students to pursue studies overseas. Countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, and Canada are popular destinations for Nepali students seeking advanced degrees and improved career opportunities.
3. Economic Constraints
The financial burden of continuing education, coupled with limited access to scholarships and financial aid, forces many students to abandon their academic pursuits. Additionally, the necessity to contribute to family income leads some students to prioritize work over further education.
4. Outdated Curriculum and Teaching Methods
The current educational curriculum often fails to align with the evolving demands of the global job market. Students are frequently taught through rote learning methods, which do not foster critical thinking or practical skills, making them less competitive in both domestic and international job markets.
5. Lack of Career Guidance
Insufficient career counseling and guidance leave students uncertain about their future paths. Without proper mentorship, students may struggle to make informed decisions about their education and career, leading to confusion and eventual dropout.
Potential Solutions to Minimize Dropout Rates
1. Curriculum Reform and Skill Development
Updating the curriculum to include practical skills and aligning it with industry needs can enhance students' employability. Incorporating vocational training and technical education programs can provide students with hands-on experience and prepare them for the workforce.
2. Strengthening Career Counseling Services
Establishing robust career counseling centers in schools and colleges can assist students in making informed decisions about their academic and professional futures. These centers can provide guidance on various career options, higher education opportunities, and job market trends.
3. Financial Support and Scholarships
Increasing the availability of scholarships and financial aid can alleviate the economic burden on students and encourage them to continue their education. Government and private sector initiatives can play a pivotal role in providing financial support to deserving students.
4. Promoting Entrepreneurship
Encouraging students to pursue entrepreneurship can create new avenues for employment and reduce dependency on traditional job markets. Educational institutions can offer programs that teach entrepreneurial skills and provide resources to support startup ventures.
5. Government Policy and Infrastructure Improvement
The government should invest in improving educational infrastructure, ensuring that schools and colleges are well-equipped and conducive to learning. Additionally, policies that promote job creation and economic development can provide students with opportunities to apply their skills within the country.
Conclusion
The issue of student dropout after +2 in Nepal is multifaceted, involving economic, educational, and social factors. Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort from the government, educational institutions, and society at large. By implementing comprehensive reforms and support systems, Nepal can retain its talented youth and foster a thriving, self-sustaining economy.
Raju Kumar KarkiPrincipal
Brighter Academy, Simara
ReplyDeleteA Red, Red Rose
Summary
“A Red, Red Rose” begins by describing the speaker`s love for a beloved with images that are beautiful but not necessarily long-lasting.
The speaker begins with an image of the beloved that emphasizes her youth and beauty, suggesting a love that is enthusiastic but likely to fade with time. Meanwhile, saying that the speaker`s love for her is like a new rose implies that this is a new relationship, with all the freshness and excitement of a developing romance. If the speaker`s love is just like a new rose, maybe it won`t last very long.
The speaker then says this love is like “a melody / That`s sweetly played in tune”. But again, instruments can go out of tune, just as flowers can fade. Then, however, the speaker goes on to emphasize how long this love will last. The speaker uses three images to measure how long these feelings of love will last: the seas going dry, the rocks melting, and the sands of life running out. It seems now that the speaker`s love, far from lasting only as long as a flower, will actually endure longer than human life.
In the final stanza, the speaker bids farewell to the beloved, as if the speaker is planning to leave on a journey. This promise implies that, just as long stretches of time could not exhaust the speaker`s love for the beloved, a long stretch of distance cannot keep the speaker from her. And the length of this journey now seems short, just “awhile”, compared to the near-infinite time the speaker`s love will last. It seems, then, that love like the speaker’s is powerful enough to make earthly obstacles (like physical distance) feel insignificant. The moment of farewell in the final stanza highlights the speaker’s core argument: love that lasts forever is also love that allows for change over time.
1. What is the theme of the poem?
ReplyDeleteThe overriding theme of “A Red, Red Rose” is the power of love. In this poem, the speaker wishes to emphasize not just the love he has for his beloved, but the strength of that love and its power to endure in the most trying of circumstances. The speaker is so deeply in love with his “bonnie lass”, or beautiful young woman, that he pledges his love to her from now until the seas run dry.
b. Why does the speaker make a prayer to the God, but not to a king, a billionaire or a scientist?
ReplyDeleteThe God is the creator of all beings. The God is immortal and all creatures are created and destroyed by him. The remote of all creatures life is in the hand of the God. A king, a billionaire and a scientist are nothing in front of the God. They are just humans created by the God. They are born to die but the Lord is immortal. Hence the speaker makes a prayer to the God, but not to a king, a billionaire or a scientist.
2.Who are the ‘poor creatures’? Why does the speaker call them ‘poor creatures’?
ReplyDeleteThe ‘poor creatures’ mean all the innocent creatures that are on planet earth. The speaker calls them ‘poor creatures’ because they are born to die and it is not sure whether they can see another morning or not.
Multiculturalism as a Major Issue in the Story "Neighbours"
ReplyDeleteMulticulturalism is one of the major issues in Tim Winton's short story "Neighbours." The story shows how people from different countries, cultures, languages, and traditions can live together peacefully and support one another.
At the beginning of the story, the young couple feels uncomfortable living among immigrant families. They consider themselves different and do not understand their neighbours' customs, languages, and lifestyles. Because of these cultural differences, they remain distant and hesitant to interact with others.
However, as time passes, the neighbours begin helping the couple in many ways. They share food, offer gardening advice, celebrate festivals together, and provide emotional support during the woman's pregnancy. When the couple's baby is born, the entire neighbourhood celebrates the occasion with great joy, regardless of cultural or linguistic differences.
The story highlights that human kindness, cooperation, mutual respect, and understanding are more important than differences in culture, religion, or language. The immigrant families create a strong sense of community where everyone cares for one another. Through these experiences, the young couple overcomes their prejudice and learns to appreciate cultural diversity.
In conclusion, Neighbours presents multiculturalism as a positive force that promotes unity, friendship, tolerance, and social harmony. The story teaches that people from diverse cultural backgrounds can live together happily when they respect, help, and understand each other.
"Neighbour is a companion on marriage and funeral procession." Explain.
ReplyDeleteThe statement "Neighbour is a companion on marriage and funeral procession" means that neighbours are the people who stand by us during both the happiest and the saddest moments of life. They share our joy during celebrations like weddings and support us with sympathy and help during times of sorrow, such as funerals.
This idea is clearly reflected in Tim Winton's short story "Neighbours." At first, the young couple feels isolated because they are surrounded by immigrant neighbours from different cultural backgrounds. However, as they get to know each other, the neighbours become like an extended family. They help the couple with gardening, share food, care for them during pregnancy, and celebrate the birth of their baby. Their love, cooperation, and concern show that true neighbours are always ready to help in times of both happiness and difficulty.
The story teaches that good neighbours are invaluable companions in every stage of life. They build strong communities through kindness, mutual respect, and support, proving that humanity is more important than cultural or linguistic differences.
Literary Devices
ReplyDelete1. Simile
A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words "like" or "as."
Example: "My love is like a red, red rose."
Here, the poet compares his beloved (or his love) to a beautiful red rose to emphasize her beauty and freshness.
2. Symbolism
Symbolism is the use of an object, person, or idea to represent a deeper meaning.
Example: The red rose symbolizes love, beauty, passion, and romance, while the melody symbolizes the sweetness and harmony of true love.
3. Imagery
Imagery is the use of descriptive language that appeals to our senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch) to create vivid mental pictures.
Example: The image of a red rose and a sweetly played melody helps readers clearly imagine the beauty and sweetness of the poet's beloved and his love.
4. Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of nearby words.
Example: "So fair art thou, my bonnie lass."
The repetition of the /f/ sound creates a musical effect and emphasizes the beloved's beauty.
5. Assonance
Assonance is the repetition of the same vowel sound in nearby words.
Example: "Till a' the seas gang dry."
The repeated long /iː/ vowel sound in words like seas creates a smooth, melodious rhythm that reflects the depth and continuity of the poet's love.
A Respectable Woman
ReplyDelete"A Respectable Woman" is a short story by kate chopin that explores human emotions, temptation, and inner conflict. The story centers on Mrs. Baroda, a wealthy, married woman who lives happily with her husband, Gaston Baroda, on a sugar plantation.
Mrs. Baroda is disappointed when she learns that Gouvernail, Gaston's old college friend, will stay with them for a week or two. She had been hoping to spend some peaceful and private time with her husband. Before meeting Gouvernail, she imagines him as a tall, serious, and unfriendly man wearing eyeglasses. However, when he arrives, she discovers that he is quite different. He is quiet, polite, thoughtful, and does not demand attention from anyone. He enjoys sitting alone on the porch and smoking a cigar.
Although Gouvernail is calm and respectful, his quiet nature makes Mrs. Baroda feel uncomfortable. She tries to understand him and treats him kindly, but his silence and reserved personality confuse her. Gradually, she begins to feel an unexpected attraction toward him. These feelings create a painful conflict within her because she wants to remain a loyal and respectable wife.
Unable to deal with her emotions, Mrs. Baroda decides to leave for the city while Gouvernail is still visiting. She does not reveal the real reason for her departure to her husband. Gaston cannot understand why his wife dislikes such a gentle and harmless guest.
The story ends with an unexpected and ambiguous conclusion. Later, Mrs. Baroda tells her husband that Gouvernail should visit them again. She confidently says, "I have overcome everything! You will see. This time I shall be very nice to him." The ending is left open to interpretation. Readers are unsure whether she has truly overcome her attraction to Gouvernail or whether she has decided to give in to her hidden feelings. This uncertainty makes the story thought-provoking and memorable.
A Respectable Woman
ReplyDeleteAnswer the Following Questions
a. Why was Mrs. Baroda unhappy with the information about Gouvernail’s visit to their farm?
Mrs. Baroda was unhappy because she had been looking forward to spending a peaceful and uninterrupted time alone with her husband. Gouvernail’s visit would disturb the rest and privacy she had expected.
b. How was Gouvernail different from Mrs. Baroda’s expectation?
Before meeting him, Mrs. Baroda imagined Gouvernail as a tall, slim, cynical man wearing eyeglasses and keeping his hands in his pockets. However, she found him to be a quiet, polite, and thoughtful man who was neither very tall nor cynical and did not match the image she had created in her mind.
c. How does Mrs. Baroda compare Gouvernail with her husband?
Mrs. Baroda compares Gouvernail with her husband by their personalities. Gaston is friendly, frank, and talkative, whereas Gouvernail is quiet, reserved, and speaks very little.
d. Why and how did Mrs. Baroda try to change Gouvernail’s solitary habits?
Mrs. Baroda wanted Gouvernail to become more friendly and sociable so that he would feel comfortable in their home. She tried to achieve this by treating him warmly, talking to him kindly, and offering him generous hospitality.
e. How does Gaston disagree with his wife about Gouvernail’s character?
Gaston believes that Gouvernail is a gentle, polite, and harmless guest who never causes any trouble. He does not understand why Mrs. Baroda dislikes him and thinks that her opinion of Gouvernail is unfair.
f. Why is Gaston surprised by his wife’s expression towards the end of the story?
Gaston is surprised because Mrs. Baroda had earlier shown dislike for Gouvernail and even left the plantation during his visit. However, at the end of the story, she herself suggests inviting Gouvernail again and promises to be very kind to him, which completely changes her earlier attitude.
1. What is the cause of conflict in Mrs. Baroda’s mind? What role does Mrs. Baroda’s being a respectable woman play in the story?
ReplyDeleteThe conflict in Mrs. Baroda’s mind arises from her unexpected attraction to Gouvernail, her husband’s close friend. Although she is happily married, she finds herself emotionally drawn to him, which creates a struggle between her personal desires and her moral values.
Mrs. Baroda’s identity as a respectable woman plays a crucial role in the story. She believes in loyalty, dignity, and social morality, so she tries to suppress her feelings instead of acting on them. Rather than expressing her attraction, she leaves the plantation to avoid Gouvernail and protect her marriage. Her inner conflict highlights the tension between human emotions and social expectations, making her character both realistic and psychologically complex.
The Oval Portrait
ReplyDeleteSummary
‘The Oval Portrait’ (1842) is one of the shortest tales Edgar Allan Poe ever wrote. In just a few pages, he offers a powerful story about the relationship between art and life, through the narrator’s encounter with the oval portrait of a young woman in a chateau in the Apennines. The story repays close analysis because of the way Poe offers his story as a subtle commentary on link between life and art.
First, a brief summary of this briefest of stories. The narrator, wounded and delirious, has sought shelter in an old mansion with his valet or manservant, Pedro. He holes up in one of the rooms, and contemplates the strange paintings adorning the walls of the room, and reads a small book he had found on the pillow of the bed, which contains information about the paintings. At around midnight, he adjusts the candelabrum in the room and his eye catches a portrait he hadn’t previously noticed, in an oval-shaped frame, depicting a young girl on the threshold of womanhood.
The narrator is captivated by this portrait, which seems so life-like; but he soon becomes appalled by it. He turns to the book and reads the entry detailing the history behind the oval portrait. The woman depicted in it was the young bride of the painter, and was a perfect wife in every respect – except that she was jealous of her husband’s art that distracted him from her. The artist paints a portrait of his wife, and becomes more and more obsessed with capturing her likeness, until he ends up spending all of his time gazing at the portrait of his wife, and hardly any time looking at her. She becomes weaker and weaker, dispirited from losing her husband’s love as he stops paying her attention and becomes more and more preoccupied with the painting. When he has just about finished the portrait and turns to regard his wife, it is to find that she has died.
Central Idea of "The Oval Portrait" by Edgar Allan Poe
ReplyDeleteThe central idea of "The Oval Portrait" is that an excessive obsession with art can destroy real life and human relationships. The story shows how a painter becomes so devoted to creating a perfect portrait of his wife that he ignores her health and happiness. As he completes the painting, his wife dies, symbolizing that he has sacrificed life itself for art.
The story also explores the themes of:
The conflict between art and life.
Obsession and sacrifice.
The danger of pursuing perfection at the cost of love and humanity.
In one sentence (for exams):
The central idea of "The Oval Portrait" is that blind devotion to art and the pursuit of perfection can destroy love, life, and human relationships.
Reference to the context
ReplyDeletea. What is the central theme of the story? Who is the woman depicted in the oval portrait?
The central theme of the story “The Oval Portrait” presents the confusing relationship between art and life. This story has shown the destructive power or the addiction of art and love. Both art and love can lead anyone towards perfection whereas they can bring destructive results in anyone’s life too. Although the artist of this story has become successful through his artistic work but his wife became a victim. She lost her husband so extremely that she doesn’t reveal her pains and sufferings and lose her life. This story also suggests that a women’s beauty collapsed her to death.
The woman depicted in the oval portrait is the wife of a passionate painter who has painted this oval portrait.
C. Complete each sentence in an appropriate way.
ReplyDeletea. He passed the exam although he hadn't prepared well.
b. She climbed the mountain in spite of her leg injury.
c. He did not give any alms to the beggars even though he earned a lot.
d. In spite of his poor eyesight, he is conducting online courses.
e She does not go to parties, though she is very sociable.
f. He could not pass the test, in spite of his ten attempts.
g. He refused to eat anything despite having an appetite.
h. He could not score goods grades in the SEE exams in spite of his hard with private coaching.
i. She accepted the job although she couldn't meet her salary expectation.
j. Even though we had planned everything carefully, we could not complete our mission
Sample Autobiography
ReplyDeleteMy Autobiography
My name is Raju Karki. I was born in Nepal and grew up in a loving family that always encouraged me to study and become a responsible person. From an early age, I was curious, hardworking, and eager to learn new things.
I completed my school education with dedication and developed a strong interest in the English language and education. Throughout my academic journey, I participated in different school activities that helped me build confidence, leadership, and communication skills.
I believe that education has the power to transform lives. Therefore, I always try to improve my knowledge and inspire others to do the same. I enjoy reading books, learning new skills, and helping students achieve their goals.
Like everyone else, I have faced challenges in life. However, I have learned that patience, determination, and hard work are the keys to overcoming difficulties. Every challenge has made me stronger and wiser.
My dream is to contribute to society through education and become a source of inspiration for others. I hope to continue learning throughout my life and make a positive difference in my community.
This is a brief story of my life. I am proud of my journey so far and look forward to achieving greater success in the future.
Sample Autobiography of Laxmi Prasad Devkota
ReplyDeleteMy name is Laxmi Prasad Devkota. I was born on November 12, 1909, in Kathmandu, Nepal. From my childhood, I was deeply interested in reading, writing, and learning. My parents encouraged me to value education, honesty, and hard work.
I studied at Tri-Chandra College and later completed my higher education in law. Although I studied law, my true passion was literature. I devoted my life to writing poems, essays, dramas, and epics that reflected the lives, hopes, and struggles of ordinary people.
People lovingly call me the "Mahakavi" (Great Poet) of Nepal because of my contribution to Nepali literature. My famous works include Muna Madan, Shakuntala, Sulochana, and many other poems and essays. Through my writings, I tried to promote humanity, compassion, equality, and love for the nation.
Besides being a writer, I also served Nepal in different public positions, including as the Minister of Education. I believed that education and literature could bring positive change to society.
My life was not free from hardships. I experienced financial difficulties and personal losses, but I never stopped writing. Every challenge strengthened my determination to serve my country through literature.
I passed away on September 14, 1959, but my writings continue to inspire readers across generations. I believe that literature has the power to awaken people's minds and hearts. My greatest wish has always been to encourage people to value humanity, wisdom, and kindness.
My Autobiography
ReplyDeleteMy name is Safal Sharma, and I am a student of Grade 11 at Brighter Academy. I was born on 15 May 2009 in Simara, Bara, Nepal. My father's name is Ramesh Sharma, and my mother's name is Sita Sharma. They are loving, caring, and hardworking parents who have always encouraged me to study well and become a good human being.
Since my childhood, I have believed that hard work, dedication, and discipline are the keys to success. I always try to complete my assignments on time, attend classes regularly, and respect my teachers and parents. I am an obedient student who follows school rules sincerely. I am also loyal and respectful to my seniors and maintain friendly relationships with my classmates and juniors.
I enjoy reading books, learning new things, and participating in school activities. Every challenge motivates me to work harder and improve myself. I believe that honesty, kindness, and perseverance help a person achieve success in life.
My dream is to become a successful and responsible person who contributes positively to society. I know that achieving my goals requires continuous learning, patience, and determination. Therefore, I promise to remain disciplined, dedicated, and hardworking throughout my life.
This is the story of my life so far. I am grateful to my parents, teachers, and friends for their constant support and guidance. With confidence and sincere effort, I hope to make my family, my school, and my nation proud in the future.
Writing
ReplyDeleteWrite a short autobiography featuring your childhood life using the following guidelines.
I was born in a small village of north - eastern part of Nepalgunj District. I’m from a middle class family. There are five members in my family including me. First of my respected Father who is tailor, then my lovely mother she is House wife. Other my family members are a eldest brother and a younger sister and both of them are studying too.
Since I’m a student, my daily routine focuses on studying and classes. I usually wake up at 6:00 am and do my daily routines like brushing my teeth, taking a shower and getting ready for class. After which I check my notes and revise for the day. My classes usually used to start by 8:00 am and ends by 1:00 pm. I used to attend classes regularly. After classes, I hang out with my friends for a while and go back home. I reach home and then usually take a nap till 4:30 pm. After taking a nap, I go out and play. I usually come back by 6 and have a bath. After which I get ready to study and by 9:00, I go to the bed.
I used to play a lot with my siblings. I remember very fondly the games we use to play. Especially, in the evenings, we used to go out in the park with our sports equipment. Each day we played different games, for example, football on one day and cricket on the other. These memories of playing in the park are very dear to me. Most importantly, I remember this instance very clearly when we went out for a picnic with my family. We paid a visit to the zoo and had an incredible day. My mother packed delectable dishes which we ate in the zoo. My father clicked so many pictures that day. When I look at these pictures, the memory is so clear, it seems like it happened just yesterday. Thus, my childhood memories are very dear to me and make me smile when I feel low.
To:
ReplyDeleteFrom:
Subject:
Dear Friend,
I hope you are fine and doing well in your studies. Today I want to tell you about the contributions of Prithvi Narayan Shah in the unification of Nepal.
Prithvi Narayan Shah was the king of Gorkha. Before unification, Nepal was divided into many small kingdoms. These kingdoms often fought with one another, making the country weak. Prithvi Narayan Shah started a campaign to unite them into one nation.
Because of his strong leadership, courage, and good planning, many small states became part of one united Nepal. He also encouraged national unity and worked to protect the country from foreign influence. His efforts laid the foundation of modern Nepal.
For these reasons, Prithvi Narayan Shah is remembered as the founder of modern Nepal. We are proud of his great contribution to our country's history.
Please write back and tell me about the history of the country where you live.
Yours lovingly,
Dipen Shrestha
1. Transitive Verb (TV)
ReplyDeleteRule: A transitive verb needs a direct object (someone or something that receives the action).
Pattern:
Subject + Verb + Object
Examples:
Bhawana drinks milk.
He painted a picture.
She wrote a letter.
Tip: Ask "What?" or "Whom?" after the verb.
He painted what? → a picture ✔ (Transitive)
2. Intransitive Verb (IV)
Rule: An intransitive verb does not take a direct object. The action ends with the subject.
Pattern:
Subject + Verb
Examples:
The dog barked.
My sister swims.
The lion roars.
Tip: If you cannot answer "What?" or "Whom?" after the verb, it is usually intransitive.
3. Linking Verb (LV)
Rule: A linking verb does not show action. It connects the subject with information about the subject (a noun, pronoun, or adjective).
Common linking verbs:
be (am, is, are, was, were)
become
seem
look
feel
smell
taste
sound
appear
remain
Examples:
His father looks handsome.
He became a watchman.
The weather is hot.
This bread smells good.
Easy Formula
Verb + Object → Transitive
Verb only (no object) → Intransitive
Verb + Subject Complement (adjective/noun) → Linking
The main "characters" are:
ReplyDelete• The Speaker (Poet / "I") – Julia de Burgos herself, representing an independent woman searching for her own identity and freedom.
• Men / Patriarchal Society – Symbolic figures representing male dominance, social expectations, and traditional gender roles that try to control women.
• Women (symbolically) – Represent all women who struggle against oppression and seek equality and self-identity.
In short (for NEB exams):
• Main Character: The speaker ("I") / Julia de Burgos.
• Other Symbolic Character: Patriarchal society (men), representing the forces that restrict women's freedom.
Class: 11
ReplyDeleteWho are you little 'i'?
E.E. Cummings
The central idea of "Who Are You, Little I?" by is that every human being, no matter how small or young, is unique, curious, and full of wonder about life and the universe.
The poem shows a little child looking at their reflection in a raindrop and asking, "Who are you, little i?" Through this simple question, the poet explores self-identity, innocence, imagination, and the beauty of nature. The poem suggests that even the smallest individual has a special place in the vast world and is connected to the larger universe.
Reference beyond the text
ReplyDeletea. How does nature inspire the speaker in “who are you, little i”? Explain.
Nature inspires the speaker a lot in "who are you, little i". The beauty of nature has made him to go back into his beautiful childhood experience. He finds himself as a little boy of five or six years old in his childhood. He used to look at the beautiful golden sunset and feels for the beautiful way of the transition of the day into the night.
b. Recall a childhood moment when you felt closely connected with nature. Describe the time and place as well as your feelings and thoughts about it.
I was born and raised in the busy city of Kathmandu. My father works there. I grew up in the midst of the city, with little connection to nature. As I was about to take my school graduation exams my father announced that we would go to our native village in the long vacation. My happiness knew no bound. It was like a dream coming true. Finally I was in my native village. It was so different. Opposite to the hustle and bustle of the busy city, it was so calm and tranquil. It was first time I saw a milking cow. Otherwise I used to think that all produce come from super markets or dairies. The next morning my grand pa took me to our paddy field. I was surprised to see the vast stretch of greenery. It was so different from the concrete jungle of the place where I live. The chirping of birds in mango groves was so sweet. It was not like a caged bird. I never knew before that winds can play so delightfully. There I learnt how to connect with nature. I enjoyed sun rises and sunsets, which were always covered by the big buildings of my city. We stayed there for about a month. But I shall never forget my first introduction with nature.
Who are you, little i?
ReplyDeleteSummary
“Who are you, little i” is a very short poem written by E.E. Cummings in the twentieth century. Cummings was a poet, playwright, and a novelist born in Cambridge. In this poem he is reminiscing about his childhood and his adult years. The speaker had a carefree life in his childhood. As a child, he had a lot of fun. He likes different nature activities. His childhood has many memories which are reflected in his adulthood. Currently, as an adult, he can no longer enjoy the moments as he did as a child.
The speaker stands by the window in the poem. He wonders "Who are you, little i?" because it had been a long time since he had felt this childish magic. He looked out the window at night and watched the sun set at the end of the day. This very incident reminds the poet of his childhood days. As a boy, he assumed the setting sun as the golden sun and enjoyed looking at the beauty of the setting sun.
Then he talks about the very reality of life i.e. sufferings of human being which is inevitable in everybody`s life. As an adult man, the speaker`s days are turning into night. This means that he can no longer stay being suffered but rather accepts the death happily. This shows how death can be a solution to a painful life.
As an adult, he has no choice but to remember his childhood happiness. Now, he cannot enjoy to the fullest as a child due to his maturity and various worries about his adult life. So that the speaker feels nostalgic for not being able to bring back the good times full of happiness. The speaker brought a lot of fresh memories related to nature. Therefore, this poem reflects the poet's strong relationship with nature and its influence on him.
Short Answer Questions (2 marks)
ReplyDeleteWhat is the central idea of the poem Who Are You, Little I?
Why does the speaker call himself/herself "little i"?
What does the "raindrop" symbolize in the poem?
How does the poem express the innocence and curiosity of childhood?
What is the significance of the title Who Are You, Little I?
Long Answer Questions (5 marks)
Explain the theme of the poem with suitable examples.
Discuss how E. E. Cummings presents self-discovery and identity in the poem.
How does the poet connect the individual with nature and the universe?
Describe the use of imagery and symbolism in the poem.
Why is the poem considered a celebration of childhood innocence?
Summary of 'A Devoted Son'
ReplyDelete"A Devoted Son" is a short story written by Anita Desai. It tells the story of Rakesh, a hardworking and intelligent young man, and his father, Varma.
Rakesh is the first educated son in a poor family. His parents work very hard and make many sacrifices so that he can study. Their efforts are rewarded when Rakesh stands first in the medical examination in the whole country. Everyone praises him because, despite his great success, he remains humble and respectfully touches his father's feet.
Later, Rakesh receives a scholarship to study in the USA. After completing his studies and training in famous hospitals, he returns to India instead of staying abroad. He marries a simple village girl chosen by his mother, becomes a successful doctor, and eventually opens his own clinic. He earns a good reputation and becomes one of the richest doctors in the town.
After Rakesh's mother dies, his father becomes old and sick. As a doctor, Rakesh takes great care of him. He gives him medicine, reads the newspaper to him, and helps him every day. However, he also stops his father from eating sweets, fried food, and other unhealthy foods. Although Rakesh does this to protect his father's health, Varma feels that his son is controlling his life and taking away the small pleasures he still enjoys. He even secretly asks his grandchildren to bring him jalebis.
In the end, the story shows that love and duty can sometimes create misunderstandings. Rakesh believes he is being a devoted son by caring for his father, but his father feels unhappy because he has lost his freedom. The story leaves the readers to decide whether Rakesh's devotion is true love or too much control.
A Devoted Son( Questions-Answers)
ReplyDeletea. How did the morning papers bring an ambience of celebration to the Varma family?
The morning papers announced that Rakesh had topped the medical examination in the country. His family became very happy and proud. Friends and neighbours came to congratulate them, creating a joyful atmosphere.
b. How did the community celebrate Rakesh’s success?
The neighbours visited Rakesh's house with flowers, garlands, gifts, and congratulations. The house became full of happiness, just like a festival.
c. Why was Rakesh’s success a special matter of discussion in the neighbourhood?
Rakesh was the first educated son of a poor family. His parents had sacrificed a lot for his education. People also admired him because he touched his father's feet after hearing about his success.
d. How does the author make fun with the words ‘America’ and ‘the USA’?
Mr. Varma proudly insisted on saying "the USA" instead of "America." The author uses this to create gentle humour and show his father's pride.
e. How does the author characterize Rakesh’s wife?
The author describes Rakesh's wife as simple, uneducated, traditional, kind, and good-natured. She is obedient and caring.
f. Describe how Rakesh rises in his career.
Rakesh completed his medical education, studied in the USA on a scholarship, returned to India, worked in a city hospital, became its director, and later opened his own clinic. He became a famous and successful doctor.
g. How does the author describe Rakesh’s family background?
Rakesh belonged to a poor family. His father worked for a kerosene seller, and his mother was a housewife. Although they had little money, they sacrificed everything to educate their son.
h. What is the impact of Rakesh’s mother’s death on his father?
After his wife's death, Mr. Varma became lonely, weak, and often ill. He complained about many health problems and became unhappy.
i. What did Rakesh do to make his father’s old age more comfortable?
Rakesh took great care of his father. He brought him tea, read the newspaper to him, gave him medicine, helped him walk, and looked after him every day.
j. Why did the old man try to bribe his grandchildren?
The old man bribed his grandchildren so that they would secretly bring him jalebis and other sweets, which Rakesh did not allow him to eat.
k. Are Mr. Varma’s complaints about his diets reasonable? How?
No, Mr. Varma's complaints are not completely reasonable. Rakesh was trying to protect his father's health by giving him a proper diet. However, the old man felt unhappy because he could not eat the food he liked. Thus, while Rakesh's actions were right from a medical point of view, his father felt that his freedom had been taken away.
Question (5 marks)
ReplyDelete1. Do you call Rakesh a devoted son? Give reasons.
Yes, I call Rakesh a devoted son. He always did whatever his parents have advised or wanted him to do like; good academic performance, crucial part of a boy’s life which is marriage, and also choosing to get back to his own nation and live with his family though he could earn a lot of more money living in the USA. Though Rakesh stucked at some part of giving his father a happy life but he had tried his best. He always used to separate time for his old father despite of being very busy in his professional life. He never wanted his father to suffer. Hence, I think that Rakesh is a devoted son in the sense that he is able to put his own wishes aside for their betterment
2. Dr Rakesh is divided between a doctor and a son. As a son, he loves his father and worries about his weakening health but as a doctor, he is strict on his father’s diet and medicine. In your view, what else could Rakesh have done to make his father’s final years more comfortable?
ReplyDeleteAns- With no doubt Rakesh is a good son and a good inspiring doctor. Though he did remain devoted to his father. Actually he is divide between a doctor and a son. In my view, Rakesh could have been more polite and respectful in his behaviour with his father in the final years. He could have let his old father take the lead and give him the same independence and freedom because it is the age where parents feel like they are left behind. Rakesh could have also given his father some personal space and let him dictate how and when his son help him. His loud-speaking made his father very troublesome and miserable. So, if he had spoke to his father politely and in respectful way, he could have made his father’s final years more comfortable.
I Was My Own Route
ReplyDeleteSummary
'I Was My Own Route' is a poem written by Julia de Burgos, a writer of Carolina. Puerto Rico, who collected the experiences of a literary writer, journalist and the freedom fighter. Her poems are full of racial and gender sentiments where she provokes the equality between male and female and the black and the white race. She has been also regarded as a contemporary Latino writer who depicts how the women are burdened with the patriarchal ideologies from the past. Therefore, de Burgos urges the women to detach themselves from the past so as to redefine their own identity.
The poem 'I was My Own Route' has altogether 6 stanzas. Each stanza expresses the powerful feelings of the poet who is always remaining in between masculinity and her own femininity. She begins her poem reflecting her past feelings when she wished to convert herself as the wishes of the men. In such acts, she has found a hide and seek game between her own instinct and the instinct of the patriarchal society. The same game inspired herself to move forward to investigate a new path that is totally new for all. Though it is challenging, she joyfully accepted it.
In discovering a new path, she moves alone mainly to get her internal happiness and a feeling of intimate liberation. She has described her journey to a new path beautifully where she faced a serious problem in balancing herself and the truth of the time. However, she expresses her joy in discovering a new route of her life that has no history, even she doubts for its future. Anyways she is happy enough living in the present and waiting for the response of the time. To denote this, she has repeated a line in the poem. “a game of hide and seek with my being but l was made of nows". This refrain has captured the main essence of the poem. The poem is written in free verse and it is the perfect example of a poem of the marginalized community.
Questions - Answers (2 marks)
ReplyDeleteI Was My Own Route
a. Why did the speaker try to be the way men wanted her to be?
The speaker tried to be the way men wanted because society expected women to obey men. However, she did not want to remain under male control. She wanted to become independent and fight against gender discrimination.
b. What do you understand by her feet ‘would not accept walking backwards’?
The line means that the speaker refused to live as a weak and dependent woman. She wanted to move forward with confidence, choose her own path, and gain freedom and equality.
c. Who are the old guards? Why did they grow desperate?
The old guards are the people who strongly believe in the traditional male-dominated society. They became desperate because the speaker challenged their beliefs and encouraged women to become free and independent.
d. How did the speaker have ‘a feeling of intimate liberation’?
The speaker felt a deep sense of freedom when she stopped following the path made by men. She created her own way in life and became confident, independent, and self-reliant despite many difficulties.
e. Why did the speaker’s desire to follow men warp in her?
The speaker's desire to follow men changed because she realized that women were treated unfairly. She wanted to break old traditions, live with dignity, and use her abilities freely instead of depending on men.
Present Simple – Rules of Use
ReplyDeleteUse the Present Simple when talking about:
• Habits and routines
• I get up at 5 o'clock every morning.
• General truths and scientific facts
• Water boils at 100°C.
• The moon goes round the earth.
• Permanent situations
• Nisha speaks English very well.
• Timetables or fixed schedules
• The bus leaves at 8 a.m.
• Stative verbs (verbs that describe states, not actions), such as:
• know, believe, understand, like, love, hate, want, need, remember, seem, think (opinion), taste (state), belong
• I don't understand.
• Do you believe in God?
• This sauce tastes good.
Present Continuous – Rules of Use
Use the Present Continuous when talking about:
• Actions happening now
• We are waiting for you.
• Temporary actions
• She is having a shower.
• Changing or developing situations
• I'm getting hungry.
• The river is flowing very fast.
• Temporary situations around the present time
• I am not listening to the radio.
• Trends or ongoing changes
• More people are using digital payments.
Quick Tip
• Present Simple = Habit, Fact, Routine, Permanent State
• Present Continuous = Happening Now, Temporary Action, Ongoing Change
ReplyDeleteतुष्टिकरणको नीति (Policy of Appeasement) भनेको आक्रमणकारी वा विस्तारवादी राष्ट्रका अनुचित मागहरूलाई युद्ध टार्ने उद्देश्यले स्वीकार गर्ने नीति हो। पहिलो विश्वयुद्धपछि बेलायत र फ्रान्सले विशेष गरी जर्मनीका शासक एडोल्फ हिटलरप्रति यही नीति अपनाएका थिए। उनीहरूले हिटलरका केही सर्त र विस्तारवादी कदमहरू स्वीकार गरेमा अर्को ठूलो युद्ध नहुने विश्वास गरेका थिए।
तर यो नीति नै दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध हुनका प्रमुख कारणहरूमध्ये एक बन्यो। यसको कारणहरू यस प्रकार छन्–
1. हिटलरको आत्मविश्वास बढ्यो। बेलायत र फ्रान्सले विरोध नगरेकाले हिटलर अझ साहसी बने र लगातार नयाँ क्षेत्रहरू कब्जा गर्न थाले।
2. भर्साय सन्धिको उल्लङ्घन रोकिएन। जर्मनीले सैन्य शक्ति बढाउँदा र सन्धिका नियम तोड्दा पनि मित्र राष्ट्रहरूले कडा कदम चालेनन्।
3. अस्ट्रिया र सुडेटेन क्षेत्रको विलय सम्भव भयो। बेलायत र फ्रान्सले म्युनिख सम्झौतामार्फत हिटलरलाई सुडेटेन क्षेत्र दिए, जसले उनको विस्तारवादी नीति अझ बलियो बनायो।
4. राष्ट्रसंघ कमजोर बन्यो। आक्रमणकारी राष्ट्रहरूलाई प्रभावकारी रूपमा रोक्न नसक्दा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय शान्ति कायम हुन सकेन।
5. पोल्याण्डमाथिको आक्रमण भयो। तुष्टिकरण नीतिबाट उत्साहित हिटलरले सन् १९३९ मा पोल्याण्डमाथि आक्रमण गरे। त्यसपछि बेलायत र फ्रान्सले जर्मनीविरुद्ध युद्ध घोषणा गरे र दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध सुरु भयो।
निष्कर्ष:
यसरी, युद्ध रोक्ने उद्देश्यले अपनाइएको तुष्टिकरणको नीति उल्टै हिटलरको आक्रामकता र विस्तारवादी महत्वाकांक्षालाई बढावा दिने कारण बन्यो। त्यसैले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध हुनमा तुष्टिकरणको नीति एक महत्त्वपूर्ण जिम्मेवार कारण मानिन्छ।
Letter to the Editor: Solving the Garbage Problem
ReplyDeleteTo
The Editor,
The Kathmandu Post
Kathmandu, Nepal
Subject: Solving the Garbage Problem
Sir/Madam,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authorities and the public to the growing problem of unmanaged garbage in our towns and cities.
Garbage is often thrown on roadsides, in rivers, and in open spaces. This creates a foul smell, spreads diseases, pollutes the environment, and spoils the beauty of our surroundings. The problem is becoming more serious due to rapid urbanization and a lack of proper waste management.
To solve this problem, the local government should ensure regular garbage collection, provide enough dustbins in public places, and promote recycling and composting. Strict action should be taken against those who dump waste carelessly. Public awareness campaigns should also be conducted to encourage people to keep their surroundings clean.
I hope the concerned authorities will take immediate steps to address this issue and make our communities cleaner and healthier.
Yours faithfully,
Raju Kumar Karki
Simara, Bara
18 August 2026
Grammar
ReplyDelete1. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct verbs from the brackets.
a. Everyone (has/have) problems in their life. Countries also (has/have) problems, and so (do/does) the world. One of the greatest problems (is/are) the growing population. The population in some countries (is/are) huge.
b. A number of my friends (love/loves) riding bicycles, but neither my brother nor my sister (own/owns) a cycle. At 4 o’clock, either my mother or father (is/are) coming to pick me up in a car.
c. The pair of shoes on the floor (is/are) mine. The shoes (was/were) made in China. The three thousand rupees I spent on them (was/were) worth it.
2. Are the following sentences correct? If not, correct them.
a. Everyone of the workers receive the same benefits.
b. There is two gerbils in my bathroom.
c. Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.
d. Scissors is used to have our hair cut.
e. You and your friends are welcome to join us.
f. Are the news on at five or six?
g. The man with all his children live in the city.
h. Mathematics are Prem's favourite subject, while Economics is Alina's favourite subject.
2. Read the passage and answer the following questions as given below: (10 Marks)
ReplyDeleteRead the following passage and answer the questions.
Technology has changed the way people learn and communicate. Today, students can attend online classes, search for information on the internet, and work together with classmates using digital tools. These facilities have made learning easier and more interesting.
However, the misuse of technology can create problems. Many students spend too much time on social media and online games instead of studying. Excessive screen time may affect their health and reduce physical activity. Therefore, students should use technology wisely and balance it with reading, exercise, and family time. Responsible use of technology helps students gain knowledge, develop skills, and prepare for the future.
A. Answer the following questions. (5×1=5)
a. How has technology changed the learning process?
b. What do many students spend too much time on?
c. Mention one negative effect of excessive screen time.
d. How should students use technology?
e. What is the benefit of using technology responsibly?
B. Find the words from the passage that mean the following. (5×1=5)
a. communicate
b. misuse
c. excessive
d. balance
e. responsible
Total: 10 Marks
Consumer Rights (उपभोक्ता अधिकार)
ReplyDeleteसमूह छलफल (१ घण्टा) – उत्तरसहित
समूह–१: उपभोक्ता अधिकार भनेको के हो? नेपालमा उपभोक्ताका मुख्य अधिकारहरू।
उत्तर:
उपभोक्ता अधिकार भनेको वस्तु वा सेवा खरिद गर्दा प्रत्येक उपभोक्ताले पाउने कानुनी तथा नैतिक अधिकार हो।
मुख्य अधिकारहरू:
- सुरक्षित वस्तु तथा सेवा प्राप्त गर्ने अधिकार।
- सही र पूर्ण जानकारी पाउने अधिकार।
- उचित मूल्यमा गुणस्तरीय वस्तु तथा सेवा प्राप्त गर्ने अधिकार।
- आफ्ना गुनासा राख्ने र क्षतिपूर्ति पाउने अधिकार।
- छनोट गर्ने अधिकार।
- उपभोक्ता शिक्षाको अधिकार।
समूह–२: बजारमा उपभोक्ताले भोग्ने प्रमुख समस्याहरू
उत्तर:
- म्याद नाघेका वस्तु बिक्री हुनु।
- नक्कली तथा कम गुणस्तरका सामान।
- मूल्यसूचीभन्दा बढी मूल्य लिनु।
- तौल तथा नापमा ठगी हुनु।
- गलत विज्ञापन गरेर उपभोक्तालाई झुक्याउनु।
- बिल नदिनु वा कर छल्नु।
समाधान:
- सामान खरिद गर्दा म्याद, गुणस्तर र लेबल जाँच गर्ने।
- सधैं बिल लिने।
- ठगी भए सम्बन्धित निकायमा उजुरी गर्ने।
समूह–३: उपभोक्ताको कर्तव्य के–के हुन्?
उत्तर:
- सामान खरिद गर्नु अघि गुणस्तर जाँच गर्ने।
- म्याद समाप्ति मिति हेर्ने।
- बिल वा रसिद सुरक्षित राख्ने।
- गलत काम देखेमा सम्बन्धित निकायमा जानकारी दिने।
- सामानको सही प्रयोग गर्ने।
- वातावरणमैत्री वस्तु प्रयोग गर्न प्रोत्साहन गर्ने।
समूह–४: नेपालमा उपभोक्ता संरक्षणमा सरकारको भूमिका
उत्तर:
- उपभोक्ता संरक्षणसम्बन्धी कानुन लागू गर्ने।
- बजार अनुगमन गर्ने।
- कालोबजारी तथा ठगी नियन्त्रण गर्ने।
- दोषी व्यवसायीलाई कारबाही गर्ने।
- उपभोक्ता सचेतना कार्यक्रम सञ्चालन गर्ने।
- गुनासा सुन्ने र समाधान गर्ने व्यवस्था मिलाउने।
समूह–५: अनलाइन किनमेल (Online Shopping) मा अपनाउनुपर्ने सावधानी
उत्तर:
- विश्वसनीय वेबसाइट वा विक्रेताबाट मात्र खरिद गर्ने।
- ग्राहकको समीक्षा (Review) हेर्ने।
- मूल्य र वस्तुको विवरण राम्रोसँग पढ्ने।
- सुरक्षित डिजिटल भुक्तानी प्रयोग गर्ने।
- सामान प्राप्त भएपछि मात्र पुष्टि गर्ने।
- शंकास्पद लिंक वा ठगीबाट सावधान रहने।
समूह–६: विद्यालय, परिवार र समाजले उपभोक्ता सचेतना कसरी बढाउन सक्छ?
उत्तर:
- विद्यालयमा उपभोक्ता अधिकारसम्बन्धी कार्यक्रम सञ्चालन गर्ने।
- परिवारमा खरिद गर्दा बिल लिने बानी बसाल्ने।
- सञ्चारमाध्यमबाट जनचेतना फैलाउने।
- सामाजिक संस्थाहरूले तालिम तथा अभियान सञ्चालन गर्ने।
- युवा क्लब र विद्यालयले र्याली, वक्तृत्व तथा पोस्टर प्रतियोगिता आयोजना गर्ने।
प्रतिनिधिलाई सोध्न सकिने प्रश्नहरू (उत्तरसहित)
१. उपभोक्ता भनेको को हो?
उत्तर: वस्तु वा सेवा खरिद गरी प्रयोग गर्ने व्यक्ति उपभोक्ता हो।
२. बिल लिनु किन आवश्यक छ?
उत्तर: उजुरी, साटफेर वा क्षतिपूर्ति माग्न प्रमाणका रूपमा आवश्यक हुन्छ।
३. म्याद नाघेको सामान प्रयोग गर्दा के हुन्छ?
उत्तर: स्वास्थ्यमा गम्भीर असर पर्न सक्छ।
४. उपभोक्ता अधिकार उल्लङ्घन भए के गर्ने?
उत्तर: बिलसहित सम्बन्धित सरकारी निकाय वा उपभोक्ता संरक्षण संस्थामा उजुरी गर्ने।
५. नक्कली सामान कसरी चिन्ने?
उत्तर: लेबल, ब्रान्ड, म्याद, मूल्य र गुणस्तर जाँच गर्ने तथा आधिकारिक विक्रेताबाट मात्र खरिद गर्ने।
निष्कर्ष
सचेत उपभोक्ताले आफ्नो अधिकार मात्र होइन, आफ्नो कर्तव्य पनि पूरा गर्छ। सही जानकारी, बिल लिने बानी, गुणस्तर जाँच र आवश्यक परे उजुरी गर्ने संस्कृतिले उपभोक्तालाई सुरक्षित बनाउँछ र स्वस्थ बजार व्यवस्थाको विकास हुन्छ।
Description of Comedian
ReplyDeleteCharlie Chaplin was a famous English comedian, actor, filmmaker, and music composer. He became popular during the silent film era and is best known for his character called "The Tramp." He was born on April 16, 1889, in London, England, and is remembered as one of the greatest people in the history of cinema.
Chaplin had a very difficult childhood. His family was poor, and he had many hardships. Before he was nine years old, he had to live in a workhouse twice. His mother struggled to support the family, and later she became mentally ill and was admitted to a hospital.
At the age of 19, Chaplin started performing as a stage actor and comedian. Later, he moved to the United States and joined the film industry in 1914. His funny acting and unique style quickly made him popular. He created the famous character "The Tramp," which people around the world loved.
Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, acted in, and even composed music for most of his films. He worked very hard and always wanted his movies to be perfect. His excellent acting, creativity, and unforgettable performances made him one of the greatest comedians of all time.
Central Idea of A Matter of Husbands
ReplyDeleteThe central idea of "A Matter of Husbands" is that appearances can be deceptive, and people can use clever words and acting to hide the truth. Through humor and irony, Ferenc Molnar shows how jealousy, trust, and deception affect relationships. The Famous Actress uses her acting skills to convince the young wife that the affair is only an act, while in reality it is true. The play also suggests that people often perform different roles in everyday life, just as actors do on stage.
In one sentence (for NEB exams):
The play highlights how deception, jealousy, and the power of acting can hide the truth and influence people's beliefs.
Characters in A Matter of Husbands
ReplyDelete1. The Famous Actress (Main Character)
A beautiful, intelligent, and confident actress.
Clever and highly skilled at acting, both on and off the stage.
Uses her wit and persuasive words to hide her affair.
Manipulative but calm and self-controlled.
Represents deception and the power of performance.
2. The Earnest Young Woman
A young, innocent, and devoted wife.
Honest, emotional, and deeply loves her husband.
Becomes jealous after finding evidence of the affair.
Easily believes the actress's explanation.
Represents trust, innocence, and human vulnerability.
3. The Husband
The husband of the Earnest Young Woman.
Has a secret love affair with the Famous Actress.
Hides in the closet throughout the conversation.
Deceitful and unfaithful.
Appears only at the end of the play, revealing the truth behind the affair.
Major Characters: The Famous Actress and the Earnest Young Woman.
Minor Character: The Husband (appears only at the end but plays an important role in the twist).
नाटक: "मोबाइलको कैदी"
ReplyDelete(मोबाइल लत सम्बन्धी सचेतनामूलक हास्य–भावनात्मक नाटक)
समय: २० मिनेट
पात्रहरू
1. रोहन – कक्षा ९ को विद्यार्थी (मोबाइलको लत लागेको)
2. आमा
3. बुबा
4. सुमन – रोहनको साथी
5. शिक्षक
6. उद्घोषक (Narrator)
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दृश्य–१ : बिहानको घर
(अलार्म बज्छ। रोहन मोबाइलमा गेम खेलिरहेको हुन्छ।)
आमा: रोहन! सात बजिसक्यो। विद्यालय जानु छैन?
रोहन: (मोबाइलबाट आँखा नहटाई) पाँच मिनेट, आमा!
बुबा: त्यो पाँच मिनेट त हिजोदेखि सकिएको छैन।
आमा: खाना पनि चिसो भयो।
रोहन: मोबाइल खेल्दै खान्छु।
बुबा: मोबाइल तिम्रो साथी होइन, मालिक बनेको छ।
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दृश्य–२ : विद्यालय
(शिक्षक पढाइरहेका छन्। रोहन लुकाएर मोबाइल चलाइरहेको छ।)
शिक्षक: रोहन, म पढाउँदै छु कि मोबाइल?
रोहन: (आत्तिँदै) सर... समय हेरेको।
शिक्षक: समय हेर्न ३० मिनेट लाग्छ?
(सबै विद्यार्थी हाँस्छन्।)
शिक्षक: आजको परीक्षामा तिमीले ५ मध्ये १ अंक ल्यायौ। कारण के हो?
रोहन: (लाज मान्दै) मोबाइल...
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दृश्य–३ : साथीको सम्झाइ
सुमन: साथी, पहिले तिमी खेलकुदमा पहिलो हुन्थ्यौ। अहिले त मैदान नै बिर्सियौ।
रोहन: गेम जित्दा रमाइलो लाग्छ।
सुमन: तर जीवनको खेल हार्दै छौ। मोबाइलले समय खान्छ, सपना पनि खान्छ।
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दृश्य–४ : दुर्घटना
(रोहन मोबाइल हेर्दै सडक पार गरिरहेको हुन्छ। गाडीको हर्न बज्छ।)
ड्राइभरको आवाज: ए भाइ! मोबाइल हेरेर हिँड्ने?
(रोहन जोगिन्छ। सबै डराउँछन्।)
रोहन: आज त ठूलो दुर्घटना हुन सक्थ्यो।
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दृश्य–५ : परिवर्तन
बुबा: हामी मोबाइलको विरोधी होइनौँ, यसको गलत प्रयोगको विरोधी हौँ।
आमा: समय मिलाएर प्रयोग गर, जीवन सजिलो हुन्छ।
शिक्षक: प्रविधि हाम्रो सेवक हुनुपर्छ, मालिक होइन।
रोहन: आजदेखि पढाइ, खेलकुद र परिवारलाई समय दिन्छु। मोबाइल आवश्यक कामका लागि मात्र चलाउँछु।
सुमन: अब फेरि पुरानो रोहन फर्कियो।
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अन्तिम दृश्य
उद्घोषक अगाडि आउँछ।
उद्घोषक:
«"मोबाइल आफैँमा खराब होइन। यसको अत्यधिक प्रयोगले पढाइ, स्वास्थ्य, सम्बन्ध र भविष्य बिगार्न सक्छ। समयको सही व्यवस्थापन गरौँ, प्रविधिलाई सही तरिकाले प्रयोग गरौँ।"»
सबै पात्र (एकै स्वरमा):
«"मोबाइलको सही प्रयोग गरौँ, भविष्य उज्यालो बनाऔँ!"»
(सबैले दर्शकतर्फ अभिवादन गर्छन्। पर्दा बन्द हुन्छ।)
नाटक: "स्क्रिनपछाडिको अन्धकार"
ReplyDelete(एकै पर्दामा सकिने १५–२० मिनेटको नाटक)
पात्रहरू (३ जना):
- आर्यन – कक्षा १० को विद्यार्थी, मोबाइलको लत लागेको
- आमा
- बुबा
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(एक मात्र दृश्य)
(मञ्चमा एउटा सोफा, टेबल र एउटा कुर्सी। आर्यन सोफामा बसेर मोबाइलमा गेम खेलिरहेको छ। कानमा इयरफोन छ। आमा पटक–पटक बोलाउँछिन्।)
आमा: आर्यन! खाना तयार भयो। आउ बाबु।
आर्यन: (मोबाइलबाट आँखा नहटाई) पछि खान्छु।
आमा: बिहानदेखि यही मोबाइल... न पढाइ, न आराम।
आर्यन: आमा, प्लीज! डिस्टर्ब नगर्नुस्।
(बुबा प्रवेश गर्छन्।)
बुबा: छोरा, अर्को महिना SEE परीक्षा छ। किताब कहिले खोल्ने?
आर्यन: (झर्किँदै) सबैलाई मोबाइल चलाउन पाइन्छ। मलाई मात्र किन रोक्नुहुन्छ?
बुबा: रोक्न खोजेको होइन, बचाउन खोजेको हो।
आर्यन: तपाईंहरू पुरानो सोचका मानिस!
(आमा र बुबा एकअर्कालाई हेर्छन्।)
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(केही समय बितेको संकेत। आर्यन फेरि मोबाइलमै।)
आमा: विद्यालयबाट फोन आएको थियो।
आर्यन: किन?
आमा: तिम्रो नतिजा आएको छ... तिमी तीन विषयमा अनुत्तीर्ण भएका छौ।
(आर्यन केही क्षण मौन हुन्छ तर फेरि मोबाइल समात्छ।)
बुबा: अझै पनि मोबाइल?
आर्यन: अर्को पटक राम्रो गर्छु।
बुबा: अर्को पटक भनेर आज गुमाएको समय फर्किँदैन।
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(अचानक मोबाइलमा गेम खेल्दै हिँड्ने अभिनय गर्छ। कुर्सीमा ठोक्किन्छ, मोबाइल भुइँमा खस्छ र फुट्छ।)
आर्यन: (आत्तिँदै) मेरो मोबाइल!
आमा: चोट त लागेन?
आर्यन: (रिसाउँदै) तपाईंहरूले गर्दा यस्तो भयो!
बुबा: मोबाइल फुटेको दुःख छ, तर तिम्रो भविष्य फुट्दै गएको दुःख हामीलाई धेरै छ।
(केही क्षण मौनता। आर्यन बिस्तारै टेबलमा रहेको आफ्नो नतिजा हेर्छ। अनुत्तीर्ण लेखिएको हुन्छ।)
आर्यन: (भावुक हुँदै) मैले... मैले के गरिरहेको थिएँ?
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चरम बिन्दु
आर्यन: आमा... बुबा... मैले तपाईंहरूको कुरा कहिल्यै सुनिनँ। साथीहरू, गेम, र मोबाइलमै संसार देखेँ। आज न पढाइ रह्यो, न राम्रो नतिजा, न तपाईंहरूको विश्वास।
(आमा आँसु पुछ्छिन्।)
आमा: हामीलाई अंकभन्दा पनि तिम्रो भविष्यको चिन्ता थियो, बाबु।
बुबा: गल्ती सबैबाट हुन्छ। तर गल्ती स्वीकार गर्ने मानिस नै ठूलो हुन्छ।
(आर्यन दुवैको अगाडि घुँडा टेक्छ।)
आर्यन: आमा... बुबा... मलाई माफ गरिदिनुहोस्। मैले तपाईंहरूको माया बुझिनँ। आजदेखि मोबाइल मेरो मालिक होइन, म मोबाइलको मालिक बन्छु। पढाइमा ध्यान दिन्छु, तपाईंहरूको विश्वास कहिल्यै तोड्ने छैन।
(आमाले उठाएर अँगालो हाल्छिन्। बुबाले काँधमा हात राख्छन्।)
आमा: यही परिवर्तन नै हाम्रो सबैभन्दा ठूलो खुसी हो।
बुबा: सम्झ, प्रविधि राम्रो हो, तर त्यसको दास बन्नु हुँदैन।
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अन्त्य
तीनै जना दर्शकतर्फ फर्केर एकै स्वरमा:
«"मोबाइलको सही प्रयोग गरौँ, आफ्नो भविष्य र परिवारको खुसी जोगाऔँ।"»
(बत्ती बिस्तारै निभ्छ। पर्दा बन्द।)
नाटक: "Last Seen"
ReplyDelete(मोबाइल एडिक्सनमा आधारित एकै पर्दामा सकिने १५–२० मिनेटको नाटक)
पात्रहरू (३ जना):
1. आर्यन – मोबाइलको अत्यधिक लत लागेको विद्यार्थी
2. सुमित – उसको मिल्ने साथी
3. निरज – अर्को साथी, समझदार र जिम्मेवार
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(एक मात्र दृश्य)
(तीनै जना पार्कमा बसिरहेका छन्। सुमित र निरज कुरा गरिरहेका छन्। आर्यन भने मोबाइलमा गेम खेलिरहेको छ।)
सुमित: आर्यन, आज त क्रिकेट खेल्न जाने भनेका थियौँ नि!
आर्यन: (आँखा नउठाई) तिमीहरू जाऊ। म यो लेभल जितेर आउँछु।
निरज: तिमीले यस्तो भन्दै छ महिना भयो। अहिले त तिमी हामीसँगभन्दा मोबाइलसँग बढी कुरा गर्छौ।
आर्यन: मोबाइलमा सबै कुरा छ—साथी, गेम, भिडियो, रमाइलो।
सुमित: तर वास्तविक साथीहरू पनि यहीँ छौँ।
आर्यन: (हाँस्दै) मोबाइल बिना एक घण्टा पनि बस्न सक्दिनँ।
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(केही समयपछि)
निरज: तिम्रो परीक्षाको नतिजा आयो?
आर्यन: (लापरबाही) थाहा छैन। हेरेको छैन।
सुमित: विद्यालयमा सबैले तिम्रो बारेमा कुरा गरिरहेका थिए। पहिले पहिलो हुने विद्यार्थी, अहिले अनुत्तीर्ण!
आर्यन: (चुप लाग्छ, तर फेरि मोबाइल निकाल्छ।)
निरज: तिमी बदलिनै चाहँदैनौ?
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(अचानक)
(आर्यन मोबाइल हेर्दै सडक पार गर्न लाग्छ। सुमित र निरज डराउँछन्।)
सुमित: आर्यन! अगाडि गाडी!
(दुवैले तानेर जोगाउँछन्। ठूलो दुर्घटना हुनबाट बच्छ।)
आर्यन: (डराउँदै) आज त... म मर्न पनि सक्थेँ।
निरज: हो। मोबाइलको एउटा नोटिफिकेशनले तिम्रो जीवन नै सकिन सक्थ्यो।
(केही क्षण मौनता।)
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चरम दृश्य
आर्यन: (भावुक हुँदै)
तिमीहरू सही थियौ। मैले मोबाइललाई जीवन बनाइदिएँ। पढाइ गुमाएँ, साथीहरू गुमाएँ, अनि आज त ज्यान पनि गुम्न सक्थ्यो।
सुमित: अझै समय छ, साथी।
आर्यन: (आँखा रसाउँदै)
आज बिहान आमा–बुबाले पनि मलाई सम्झाउनुभएको थियो। मैले उहाँहरूलाई उल्टै रिसाएँ। उहाँहरूको मन कति दुखेको होला!
निरज: अहिले पनि ढिलो भएको छैन। घर गएर सबैभन्दा पहिले के गर्छौ?
आर्यन: (दृढ स्वरमा)
सबैभन्दा पहिले आमा र बुबासँग माफी माग्छु। उहाँहरूको विश्वास फेरि जित्ने प्रयास गर्छु। मोबाइल आवश्यक कामका लागि मात्र प्रयोग गर्छु।
सुमित: यही हो असली जित।
निरज: गेम जित्नुभन्दा जीवन जित्नु ठूलो कुरा हो।
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अन्त्य
तीनै जना दर्शकतर्फ फर्कन्छन्।
आर्यन:
«"मोबाइल हाम्रो साथी हुन सक्छ, तर मालिक होइन।"»
सुमित:
«"स्क्रिनको चमकभन्दा परिवारको माया धेरै उज्यालो हुन्छ।"»
निरज:
«"मोबाइलको सही प्रयोग गरौँ, आफ्नो भविष्य र सम्बन्ध जोगाऔँ।"»
तीनै जना (एकै स्वरमा):
«"आजैदेखि मोबाइलको दास होइन, यसको सही प्रयोगकर्ता बनौँ!"»
(पर्दा बन्द।)
A. The Idea of 3Rs in Garbage Management
ReplyDeleteThe 3Rs—Reduce, Reuse and Recycle—are important principles of proper garbage management. Reduce means using fewer things and avoiding unnecessary products so that less waste is produced. Reuse means using things again instead of throwing them away, such as using old bottles, bags and containers. Recycle means processing waste materials such as paper, plastic, glass and metal to make new products. The 3Rs help reduce the amount of garbage, save natural resources and energy, and keep our environment clean. Therefore, everyone should follow the principle of 3Rs to manage garbage effectively and protect the environment.
Letter to the Editor: Solving Garbage Problems
ReplyDelete45, Shanti Tole
Bharatpur, Chitwan
24 August 2026
To
The Editor
The Kathmandu Post
Kathmandu
Subject: Solving Garbage Problems
Dear Sir/Madam,
I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authorities and the general public towards the growing problem of garbage management in Nepalese cities. Unmanaged garbage has made our cities dirty and has created serious health and environmental problems.
First of all, garbage should be separated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable categories at the source. Organic waste can be used to produce compost, while paper, plastic, glass and metal can be recycled. The government should provide proper waste collection facilities and encourage people to follow the principles of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
The government can also provide compost bins to households and encourage farmers and waste-pickers to participate in waste management. Public awareness programmes should be conducted regularly. People who throw garbage randomly should be fined, while those who manage waste properly should be encouraged.
Landfills alone cannot solve the problem. Therefore, the government, local authorities and citizens must work together to find sustainable solutions. If proper waste segregation, recycling and composting are practised, our cities can become cleaner and healthier.
I hope your newspaper will publish this letter and help draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards this serious issue.
Yours faithfully,
Aarav Sharma
1. Should
ReplyDeleteShould + base verb (V1) is used to give advice, suggestions, recommendations, or opinions.
Structure:
Subject + should + V1
Examples:
You should learn English.
You should visit the museum.
People should keep their eyes on the road.
Meaning: It is a good idea to do something.
2. Shouldn't (Should not)
Shouldn't + base verb (V1) is used to give negative advice—to say that something is not a good idea.
Structure:
Subject + shouldn't + V1
Examples:
Children shouldn't drink too many sugary drinks.
You shouldn't leave your work unfinished.
You shouldn't roam around unnecessarily.
Meaning: It is a bad idea or not advisable to do something.
3. Had better
Had better + base verb (V1) is used to give strong advice or a warning, especially when there may be a negative consequence if the advice is not followed.
Structure:
Subject + had better + V1
Examples:
I had better go now, or I'll be late.
We had better get to the airport by 2 pm, or we may miss the flight.
You had better study hard, or you may fail.
Meaning: It is strongly advisable to do something.
1. Rules of Should
ReplyDelete1. Should gives ordinary advice or suggestion.
Example: You should study hard.
2. Should is less forceful.
Example: You should see a doctor.
3. Should does not necessarily indicate a bad consequence.
Example: You should exercise regularly.
4. Should is followed by the base form of the verb (V1).
should + V1
Example: You should go.
5. Negative form:
should not / shouldn't + V1
Example: You shouldn't waste your time.
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2. Rules of Had Better
1. Had better gives strong advice or a warning.
Example: You had better study hard.
2. Had better is more forceful than should.
Example: You had better leave now.
3. Had better often suggests a possible bad consequence.
Example: You had better study, or you may fail.
4. Had better is followed by the base form of the verb (V1).
had better + V1
Example: You had better go.
5. Negative form:
had better not + V1
Example: You had better not waste your time.
Easy way to remember
Should → ordinary advice
Had better → strong advice/warning + possible consequence
1. Rules of Should
ReplyDelete• Should gives ordinary advice or suggestion.
Example: You should study hard.
• Should is less forceful.
Example: You should see a doctor.
• Should does not necessarily indicate a bad consequence.
Example: You should exercise regularly.
• Should is followed by the base form of the verb (V1).
should + V1
Example: You should go.
• Negative form:
should not / shouldn't + V1
Example: You shouldn't waste your time.
2. Rules of Had Better
• Had better gives strong advice or a warning.
Example: You had better study hard.
• Had better is more forceful than should.
Example: You had better leave now.
• Had better often suggests a possible bad consequence.
Example: You had better study, or you may fail.
• Had better is followed by the base form of the verb (V1).
had better + V1
Example: You had better go.
• Negative form:
had better not + V1
Example: You had better not waste your time.
Easy way to remember
Should → ordinary advice
Had better → strong advice/warning + possible consequence
Grammar
ReplyDeleteB. Use the words from the brackets to complete the sentences.
a. This house is very small. I want to buy a much bigger one. (much / big)
b. I liked the magic show. It was far more exciting than I’d expected. (far / exciting)
c. It was very cold yesterday. It’s a bit warmer today. (a bit / warm)
d. The warmer the weather the better I feel. (good)
e. An average American earns considerably higher than an average Nepali. (considerably / high)
f. Health care in Nepal is not as expensive as it is in the US. (expensive)
g. I think the problem is far more complicated than it seems. (far / complicated)
h. You are driving very fast. Would you please drive a bit slowly? (a bit/ slowly)
i. Your handwriting is not legible. Can you write a bit neat? (a bit/ neat)
C. Rewrite the following sentences with the sentence beginnings given below.
a. Kabir is less intelligent than he pretends. He is not as intelligent as he pretends.
b. I am busy today but I was busier yesterday. I’m not as busier as I was yesterday.
c. Hari has lived in Kathmandu for 10 years but Bikram for 20 years. Bikram has lived in Kathmandu 10 years more than Hari.
d. I used to study 12 hours a day but nowadays I study only 5 hours a day. I don’t study as much as I used to do.
e. It’s a very good room in our hotel. In fact, it’s the best compared to other.
f. He earns 30 thousand rupees a month but spends 40 thousand. He spends more than he earns.
g. There is no other mountain higher than Mt. Everest in the world. Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
h. The place was nearer than I thought. It was not as far as I thought.
i. Bharat can play better than Mohan. Mohan can’t play as good as Bharat.
Grammar:
ReplyDeleteB. Use the words from the brackets to complete the sentences.
a. This house is very small. I want to buy a __________ one. (much / big)
b. I liked the magic show. It was __________ than I’d expected. (far / exciting)
c. It was very cold yesterday. It’s __________ today. (a bit / warm)
d. The warmer the weather, the __________ I feel. (happy)
Grammar: Questions Only
ReplyDeleteB. Use the words from the brackets to complete the sentences.
a. This house is very small. I want to buy a __________ one. (much / big)
b. I liked the magic show. It was __________ than I’d expected. (far / exciting)
c. It was very cold yesterday. It’s __________ today. (a bit / warm)
d. The warmer the weather, the __________ I feel. (happy)
Class -11
ReplyDeletePut in had better or should.
a. I think you ______ learn English to enroll in a university course.
b. It's a great film. You ______ go and see it.
c. I have to meet my friend in ten minutes. I ______ go now or I'll be late.
d. These biscuits are delicious. You ______ try one.
e. We ______ get to the airport by 2 pm or else we may miss the flight.
f. When people are driving, they ______ keep their eyes on the road.
g. I ______ get up early tomorrow. I've got a lot to do.
1. Should — General advice or recommendation
ReplyDeleteUse should + V1 when giving advice, recommendation, or saying what is a good idea.
• a. I think you should learn English to enroll in a university course.
• b. It’s a great film. You should go and see it.
• d. These biscuits are delicious. You should try one.
• f. When people are driving, they should keep their eyes on the road.
• g. I should get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do.
Rule:
Subject + should + V1
2. Had better — Strong advice / warning
Use had better + V1 when there is a strong reason, danger, or possible bad result if the advice is not followed.
• c. I had better go now or I’ll be late.
→ If I don't go now, I may be late.
• e. We had better get to the airport by 2 pm or else we may miss the flight.
→ If we don't get there by 2 pm, we may miss the flight.
Rule:
Subject + had better + V1 + or else / otherwise + bad result
Easy way to remember:
• Should = normal advice
• Had better = strong advice + possible bad consequence
A Matter of Husbands
ReplyDeleteSummary
"A Matter of Husbands" is a witty one-act comedy by the Hungarian playwright Ferenc Molnar, played entirely between two characters: a Famous Actress and an Earnest Young Woman. The young woman calls on the celebrated actress with a desperate plea: to give her back her husband.
The Earnest Young Woman is convinced that her husband has fallen in love with the Famous Actress, and her evidence seems damning. A florist has revealed that her husband sends the actress flowers, and one day he left a love letter lying on the table: a letter apologizing that he could not call on the actress, and offering her a thousand kisses.
The Famous Actress does not deny the facts. Instead, with perfect theatrical skill, she spins a charming explanation: husbands who feel neglected at home, she says, often stage a make-believe affair with an actress precisely so that their wives will grow jealous and love them more attentively again. Actresses, she claims, kindly play along with such little comedies all the time for the sake of reuniting families. The letter, the flowers, all of it, she assures her visitor, was only her husband's clever trick to win back his wife's affection.
The gullible young wife is completely convinced. Overjoyed, she thanks the actress and hurries home, resolved to love her husband better than ever. Then comes the play's delicious twist: the moment the visitor is gone, the actress calls out, and the husband steps out of the closet, where he has been hiding throughout the entire conversation. The affair was real after all, and the actress has just talked her lover's wife out of her suspicion with a masterpiece of acting. The play is a light satire on deception, jealousy and the theatrical performances people give in everyday life.
Understanding the text
ReplyDeleteAnswer the following questions.
a. What favour does Earnest Young Woman ask from The Famous Actress?
Earnest Young Woman asks a favour of return her husband from The Famous Actress because she loves her husband very much but she comes to know The Famous Actress has stolen her husband from her.
b. What, according to The Earnest Young Woman, are the indications that her husband has fallen in love with Famous Actress?
According to the Earnest Young Woman, her husband sends flowers to The Famous Actress. She comes to know about it from a florist. One day, her husband forgets the love letter on table, which says her husband is unable to call the Famous Actress and beg apology offering her thousands of kisses.
c. Is Earnest Young Woman convinced by the argument of Famous Actress? How?
According to the basic conversation between Earnest Young Woman and famous Actress, it Seems as Earnest Young Woman is convinced by argument of Famous Actress.
The Famous Actress tells her that Earnest Young Woman's husband has done that love affair with the actress so that she gets jealous and regains love from her. She tells her that many actresses easily accept such proposal for the sake of reunion of the families.
d. Where is the Earnest Young Woman’s husband hiding himself as they are talking about him?
According to the play, the Earnest Woman’s husband appears at the end of the play when the Famous Actress calls him to come When Out of her boudoir. This means throughout the entire play the Earnest Young Woman's husband is hiding in the famous Actress boudoir.
e. When do you feel that Famous Actress is really good at acting?
I feel the famous Actress is really good at acting when she tells the Earnest Young Woman that her husband is playing a game upon her to make her jealous so that she will change her personality and can try to impress him her by any means. She asks for lock of hair, which the Earnest Young Woman brings with her. She says Alfred has that because her hair-dresser may steal and give it to him.
f. How do we come to know that Famous Actress and the husband of Earnest Young Woman are in love?
From the final part of the play we come to know that famous Actress and the husband of Earnest Young Woman are in love. Alfred is called to come out of the Famous Actress boudoir. It's obvious that the Earnest Young woman is fooled and they are in love.
g. Write down the plot of the play in a paragraph.
A Matter of Husbands is a one-act written by most celebrated and controversial play wright Ferenc Molnar. This play sheds light on the role of actors on the stage and in real life and how much they are capable of keeping us in an illusion.
In the beginning, the Earnest Young Woman rushes to the Famous Actress angrily, asking her to return her husband. The famous Actress boldly denies, that she has stolen her husband. She says she knows him because once the contract for a case has given to him. Earnest Young Woman tells her that her husband sends her flowers and writes love letter. She reads her husband's love letter for the actress.
Upon the circumstance, the actress smiles and still begins to deny that she has received any flowers or any letters from him. Now she fools Earnest Young Woman by saying that a misunderstanding may have arrived between her and her husband. She makes Earnest Young Woman believe that her husband has been playing with her to make her jealous and gain her love back. Then, the Earnest Young woman innocently realizes her misdeed and begs sorry with her. Earnest Young Woman leaves the stage and the famous Actress calls Alfred to come out of her boudoir.
The main characters in Trifles by Susan Glaspell are:
ReplyDelete1. Mrs. Minnie Wright – The wife of John Wright. She never appears on stage, but she is the central character whose life and actions drive the story.
2. John Wright – Minnie's husband, who has been murdered before the play begins. He also does not appear on stage.
3. Mrs. Hale – A neighbor of the Wrights. She gradually understands Minnie's lonely life and sympathizes with her.
4. Mrs. Peters – The sheriff's wife. At first she supports the investigation, but she eventually empathizes with Minnie and helps conceal important evidence.
5. George Henderson – The county attorney, who leads the investigation into John Wright's murder.
6. Henry Peters – The sheriff and husband of Mrs. Peters. He searches the farmhouse for evidence but overlooks the clues found by the women.
7. Lewis Hale – A neighboring farmer who discovered John Wright's body and reported the murder.
These characters highlight the play's themes of gender roles, justice, isolation, and the different perspectives of men and women.
Central Idea of Facing Death
ReplyDeleteThe central idea of August Strindberg’s Facing Death is self-sacrificing parental love in the midst of poverty, suffering and family conflict. Monsieur Durand is a poor and helpless father who suffers because of debt, hunger and the cruelty of his daughters. Although his daughters blame and disrespect him, he does not reveal their mother's faults because he wants them to preserve their love and respect for her. In the end, Durand sacrifices his own life by setting fire to the house and taking poison so that his daughters can receive the insurance money and escape poverty.
The play also presents the harsh realities of poverty, financial hardship, misunderstanding and loneliness. Durand's death is tragic, but it demonstrates his unconditional love and willingness to sacrifice everything for his children. Thus, the play suggests that true parental love can remain strong even in the face of suffering, rejection and death.
Characters in Facing Death by August Strindberg
ReplyDelete1. Monsieur Durand
Monsieur Durand is the protagonist and tragic hero of the play. He is a widower, a former railway worker and the father of three daughters. He runs a small boarding house but is suffering from extreme poverty and debt. Despite being treated badly by his daughters, he remains patient, silent and self-sacrificing. He hides the truth about his wife's mistakes so that his daughters can continue to love their mother. Finally, he sets fire to the house and takes poison so that his daughters can receive the insurance money. He represents parental love, sacrifice, suffering and dignity in the face of death.
2. Adèle
Adèle is Durand's eldest daughter. She is more sympathetic and responsible than her sisters. She understands some of her father's suffering and helps with the household. However, she is also affected by the family's poverty and difficult circumstances. Her character provides a contrast to the bitterness and cruelty of Theresa.
3. Annette
Annette is Durand's second daughter. Like her sisters, she lives in poverty and has developed resentment toward her father. She has accepted the negative view of Durand that her mother taught them. Her character helps show how the family's problems have damaged the relationship between the father and his daughters.
4. Theresa
Theresa is Durand's youngest and most bitter daughter. She treats her father with open contempt and is often cruel toward him. She blames him for the family's miserable condition without knowing the complete truth about her mother's financial mistakes. Her behaviour makes Durand's final sacrifice particularly tragic because he dies for daughters who have treated him badly.
5. Monsieur Durand's Late Wife
Although she does not appear on stage, Durand's late wife is an important character in the background. She wasted the family's inheritance through reckless spending and speculation. She also taught her daughters to blame their father for the family's problems. Durand nevertheless protects her memory by keeping her faults secret. Her influence is therefore central to the family's suffering.
6. René
René is Durand's little son who died in childhood. He does not appear in the action, but he is emotionally important to Durand. Durand keeps a candle burning in his memory. René symbolizes innocence, lost happiness and Durand's deep paternal love.
Character relationship in brief
Monsieur Durand → Father and tragic hero
Adèle → Eldest daughter, relatively sympathetic
Annette → Second daughter, resentful
Theresa → Bitter and openly cruel daughter
Late wife → Cause of much of the family's financial and emotional suffering
René → Deceased son, symbol of Durand's love and memories
Rules
ReplyDelete1. Although
Although means “यद्यपि / भए पनि”. It is used to show contrast between two ideas.
Rules:
• Although + Subject + Verb
• Although he was poor, he was happy.
• Although it was raining, we went out.
• Although can come at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.
• Although she was tired, she continued working.
• She continued working although she was tired.
• Do not normally use but with although.
* Although he was poor, but he was honest.
- Although he was poor, he was honest.
Structure:
Although + S + V, S + V.
2. However
However means “तर पनि / तथापि / यद्यपि”. It connects two contrasting sentences or ideas.
Rules:
• However is usually used between two complete sentences.
• He is poor. However, he is happy.
• He is poor; however, he is happy.
• It can also be used after a semicolon:
• He studied hard; however, he failed the exam.
• However + adjective/adverb can also mean “जति ... भए पनि”:
• However difficult the question is, I will try.
• However carefully he works, he sometimes makes mistakes.
• Do not use although and however in the same simple contrast structure.
* Although he is poor, however, he is happy.
- Although he is poor, he is happy.
- He is poor. However, he is happy.
Structure:
Sentence 1. However, Sentence 2.
or
Sentence 1; however, Sentence 2.
3. In spite of
In spite of means “बावजुद / भए तापनि”.
Rules:
• In spite of + noun
• In spite of the rain, we went out.
• In spite of his poverty, he is happy.
• In spite of + V-ing
• In spite of being poor, he is happy.
• In spite of working hard, he failed.
• In spite of + the fact that + Subject + Verb
• In spite of the fact that he was poor, he bought a car.
• In spite of the fact that she was tired, she continued working.
Important:
* In spite of of — incorrect
* In spite the rain — incorrect
- In spite of the rain — correct
Structures:
In spite of + noun
In spite of + V-ing
In spite of + the fact that + S + V
4. Despite
Despite also means “बावजुद / भए तापनि” and has almost the same meaning as in spite of.
Rules:
• Despite + noun
• Despite the rain, we went out.
• Despite his poverty, he is happy.
• Despite + V-ing
• Despite being poor, he wears expensive clothes.
• Despite working hard, he failed.
• Despite + the fact that + S + V
• Despite the fact that he was tired, he continued working.
Very Important:
There is no “of” after despite.
* Despite of the rain
- Despite the rain
* Despite of being poor
- Despite being poor
Easy way to remember:
Although → S + V
Although he was poor, he was happy.
However → Sentence + However + Sentence
He was poor. However, he was happy.
In spite of → Noun / V-ing
In spite of his poverty, he was happy.
In spite of being poor, he was happy.
Despite → Noun / V-ing
Despite his poverty, he was happy.
Despite being poor, he was happy.
Common mistakes
* Although he was poor, but he was happy.
- Although he was poor, he was happy.
* Despite of the rain
- Despite the rain.
* In spite the rain
- In spite of the rain.
* In spite of he was poor
- In spite of the fact that he was poor.
* He was poor, however he was happy.
- He was poor. However, he was happy.
-He was poor; however, he was happy.
१. विश्वव्यापीकरण (Globalization) को अर्थ
ReplyDelete• विश्वका विभिन्न देश, समाज र अर्थतन्त्रबीच सम्बन्ध र अन्तरनिर्भरता बढ्ने प्रक्रियालाई विश्वव्यापीकरण भनिन्छ।
• यसले वस्तु, सेवा, पूँजी, प्रविधि, सूचना, ज्ञान तथा विचारको विश्वव्यापी आदान–प्रदान बढाउँछ।
• यातायात, सञ्चार र प्रविधिको विकासले विश्वलाई ‘विश्वगाउँ’ (Global Village) जस्तो बनाएको छ।
• यसको प्रभाव आर्थिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक, राजनीतिक र वातावरणीय क्षेत्रमा देखिन्छ।
२. विश्वव्यापीकरणका प्रमुख आयामहरू
क. आर्थिक (Economic)
• विश्वव्यापी बजारको विस्तार।
• बहुराष्ट्रिय कम्पनी र उद्योगको विकास।
• वस्तु तथा सेवाको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय व्यापारमा वृद्धि।
ख. सामाजिक–सांस्कृतिक (Social-cultural)
• भाषा, कला, साहित्य, संगीत र संस्कृतिको आदान–प्रदान।
• विभिन्न संस्कृतिबीच सम्पर्क र अन्तरक्रिया बढ्नु।
ग. राजनीतिक (Political)
• अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कूटनीतिमा परिवर्तन।
• SAARC, BIMSTEC, European Union, United Nations जस्ता अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्थाको प्रभाव।
घ. वातावरणीय (Environmental)
• जलवायु परिवर्तनजस्ता विश्वव्यापी समस्यामा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सहकार्य।
• वातावरण संरक्षणका लागि देशहरूबीच साझेदारी।
३. विश्वव्यापीकरणको महत्त्व
विद्यार्थीले यी ६ बुँदा याद गर्न सक्छन्:
• अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गरिबी कम गर्न सहयोग गर्छ।
• प्रविधिको विकासमा योगदान पुर्याउँछ।
• कम्पनीहरूको बजार विस्तार र नाफामा वृद्धि हुन्छ।
• राष्ट्रहरूबीच असल सम्बन्ध र अन्तरनिर्भरता बढाउँछ।
• संस्कृति विश्वभर फैलिन्छ।
• राष्ट्रिय अर्थतन्त्रको अन्तर्राष्ट्रियकरण हुन्छ।
४. विश्वव्यापीकरणका चुनौतीहरू
• वातावरण विनाश हुन सक्छ।
• स्थानीय अर्थव्यवस्था कमजोर हुन सक्छ।
• शक्तिशाली राष्ट्रहरूको प्रभुत्व कायम हुन सक्छ।
• स्थानीय पुँजी, प्रविधि र सीप विस्थापित हुन सक्छ।
• राजनीतिक अस्थिरता बढ्न सक्छ।
• राष्ट्रियता र सार्वभौमिकतामा नकारात्मक प्रभाव पर्न सक्छ।
• परनिर्भरता बढ्न सक्छ।
• अल्पविकसित देशमा जनशक्ति पलायन र व्यापार घाटा बढ्न सक्छ।
५. स्थानीयकरण (Localization) को अर्थ
• कुनै वस्तु, सेवा वा प्रविधिलाई निश्चित स्थानीय क्षेत्रको आवश्यकता र परिस्थितिअनुसार प्रयोग वा विकास गर्ने प्रक्रियालाई स्थानीयकरण भनिन्छ।
• स्थानीयकरणले स्थानीय स्रोत, श्रम, सीप, पुँजी र प्रविधिको अधिकतम प्रयोगमा जोड दिन्छ।
• यसको मुख्य उद्देश्य स्थानीय आवश्यकता पूरा गर्दै स्थानीय विकास र आत्मनिर्भरता बढाउनु हो।
सजिलो उदाहरण
विश्वव्यापीकरण: विदेशबाट आधुनिक प्रविधि ल्याएर प्रयोग गर्नु।
स्थानीयकरण: त्यही प्रविधिलाई आफ्नो स्थानीय आवश्यकता, भाषा र परिस्थितिअनुसार प्रयोग गर्नु।
६. स्थानीयकरणको महत्त्व
• स्थानीय श्रम, पुँजी र प्रविधिको उच्चतम प्रयोग हुन्छ।
• स्थानीय मौलिक संस्कृति संरक्षण र प्रवर्द्धन हुन्छ।
• जनताकेन्द्रित विकासमा सहयोग पुग्छ।
• राष्ट्रियता र स्थानीय पहिचानको प्रवर्द्धन हुन्छ।
• वातावरण संरक्षणमा सहयोग पुग्छ।
७. स्थानीयकरणका चुनौतीहरू
• श्रम, पुँजी र प्रविधिको स्रोत सीमित हुन सक्छ।
• विश्वमा विकसित नयाँ वस्तु तथा प्रविधिबाट विमुख हुन सकिन्छ।
• प्रतिस्पर्धी बजारको अभाव हुन सक्छ।
विद्यार्थीलाई बुझाउनुपर्ने मुख्य अन्तर
विश्वव्यापीकरणस्थानीयकरणविश्वव्यापी सम्बन्धमा जोडस्थानीय आवश्यकता र स्रोतमा जोडअन्तर्राष्ट्रिय बजारमा जोडस्थानीय बजारमा जोडविदेशी वस्तु/सेवा/प्रविधिको प्रयोग बढ्छस्थानीय वस्तु/सेवा/प्रविधिको प्रयोग बढ्छअन्तरनिर्भरता बढाउँछआत्मनिर्भरता बढाउन सहयोग गर्छविश्वव्यापी संस्कृति फैलिन्छस्थानीय संस्कृति संरक्षण गर्छ
परीक्षाका लागि एक लाइनमा
विश्वव्यापीकरण = विश्वलाई नजिक ल्याउने प्रक्रिया।
स्थानीयकरण = स्थानीय स्रोत, आवश्यकता र पहिचानलाई प्राथमिकता दिने प्रक्रिया।
१. सूचना तथा सञ्चार प्रविधि (ICT) को अर्थ
ReplyDeleteसूचना तथा सञ्चार प्रविधि (Information and Communication Technology–ICT) भन्नाले सूचना सङ्कलन, प्रशोधन, भण्डारण, प्रसारण र आदान–प्रदान गर्न प्रयोग गरिने प्रविधिलाई बुझिन्छ।
उदाहरणहरू
• कम्प्युटर
• मोबाइल फोन
• इन्टरनेट
• इमेल
• टेलिभिजन
• रेडियो
• भिडियो कन्फरेन्स
• वेबसाइट तथा विभिन्न डिजिटल एपहरू
२. सूचना तथा सञ्चार प्रविधिको महत्त्व
विद्यार्थीले यी बुँदा विशेष रूपमा याद गर्ने:
• सूचना छिटो प्राप्त गर्न सकिन्छ।
• सञ्चारलाई सरल, छिटो र सस्तो बनाउँछ।
• शिक्षण–सिकाइलाई प्रभावकारी बनाउँछ।
• विश्वका विभिन्न ठाउँका मानिससँग सम्पर्क गर्न सकिन्छ।
• व्यापार तथा व्यवसाय विस्तार गर्न सहयोग गर्छ।
• अनलाइन बैंकिङ तथा डिजिटल कारोबार गर्न सकिन्छ।
• सरकारी सेवा अनलाइनबाट प्राप्त गर्न सहयोग गर्छ।
• ज्ञान र सीपको विकासमा सहयोग पुर्याउँछ।
• रोजगारीका नयाँ अवसर सिर्जना गर्छ।
• आपत्कालीन अवस्थामा सूचना छिटो प्रवाह गर्न सहयोग गर्छ।
३. सामाजिक सञ्जाल (Social Media)
अर्थ
इन्टरनेटको माध्यमबाट मानिसहरूले सूचना, विचार, फोटो, भिडियो तथा सन्देश आदान–प्रदान गर्ने डिजिटल माध्यमलाई सामाजिक सञ्जाल भनिन्छ।
उदाहरण
• Facebook
• YouTube
• TikTok
• Instagram
• Messenger
• X (Twitter)
• WhatsApp
४. सामाजिक सञ्जालको महत्त्व / सकारात्मक पक्ष
• साथी तथा आफन्तसँग सजिलै सम्पर्क गर्न सकिन्छ।
• समाचार तथा सूचना छिटो प्राप्त हुन्छ।
• शैक्षिक सामग्री प्राप्त गर्न सकिन्छ।
• व्यवसाय तथा उत्पादनको प्रचार गर्न सकिन्छ।
• ज्ञान, विचार र अनुभव आदान–प्रदान गर्न सकिन्छ।
• सामाजिक जागरण फैलाउन सहयोग गर्छ।
• रचनात्मक प्रतिभा प्रस्तुत गर्ने अवसर दिन्छ।
• आपत्कालीन सूचना तथा सहयोगको आदान–प्रदान गर्न सकिन्छ।
५. सामाजिक सञ्जालका नकारात्मक पक्ष / चुनौती
• समयको दुरुपयोग हुन सक्छ।
• अध्ययनमा नकारात्मक प्रभाव पर्न सक्छ।
• गलत तथा भ्रामक सूचना फैलिन सक्छ।
• साइबर अपराध तथा साइबर बुलिङ हुन सक्छ।
• व्यक्तिगत गोपनीयता तथा सुरक्षामा खतरा हुन सक्छ।
• लत लाग्न सक्छ।
• ठगी तथा अनलाइन अपराधको जोखिम हुन्छ।
• अश्लील तथा अनुपयुक्त सामग्रीको प्रभाव पर्न सक्छ।
• मानसिक तनाव तथा सामाजिक सम्बन्धमा समस्या आउन सक्छ।
• फेक अकाउन्ट तथा नक्कली समाचारबाट मानिसहरू भ्रमित हुन सक्छन्।
६. सामाजिक सञ्जाल प्रयोग गर्दा अपनाउनुपर्ने सावधानी
• आफ्नो पासवर्ड कसैलाई नदिने।
• अपरिचित व्यक्तिसँग व्यक्तिगत जानकारी साझा नगर्ने।
• शंकास्पद link नखोल्ने।
• कुनै सूचना सत्यापन गरेर मात्र शेयर गर्ने।
• गोपनीयता (Privacy) settings प्रयोग गर्ने।
• सामाजिक सञ्जालमा समयको उचित व्यवस्थापन गर्ने।
• साइबर बुलिङ वा ठगी भएमा सम्बन्धित निकायलाई जानकारी दिने।
परीक्षाका लागि सम्झने सूत्र
ICT = सूचना प्राप्ति + सञ्चार + प्रविधि
Social Media = सम्पर्क + सूचना आदान–प्रदान + विचार अभिव्यक्ति
सकारात्मक प्रयोग → ज्ञान, सञ्चार, शिक्षा, व्यवसाय
नकारात्मक प्रयोग → लत, गलत सूचना, साइबर अपराध, गोपनीयताको जोखिम
१. साइबर अपराधको अर्थ
ReplyDeleteकम्प्युटर, मोबाइल, इन्टरनेट वा अन्य डिजिटल प्रविधिको प्रयोग गरी गरिने गैरकानुनी कार्यलाई साइबर अपराध भनिन्छ।
सरल भाषामा:
इन्टरनेट र डिजिटल प्रविधिको माध्यमबाट गरिने अपराध = साइबर अपराध।
२. साइबर अपराधका प्रमुख प्रकार
• ह्याकिङ (Hacking) – अनुमति बिना कम्प्युटर वा अनलाइन खातामा प्रवेश गर्नु।
• फिसिङ (Phishing) – नक्कली वेबसाइट, इमेल वा सन्देशमार्फत पासवर्ड तथा अन्य गोप्य जानकारी लिन खोज्नु।
• साइबर बुलिङ (Cyber Bullying) – इन्टरनेट वा सामाजिक सञ्जालमार्फत कसैलाई धम्क्याउने, अपमान गर्ने वा दुःख दिने।
• अनलाइन ठगी (Online Fraud) – इन्टरनेटको माध्यमबाट झुक्याएर पैसा वा अन्य सम्पत्ति हडप्नु।
• पहिचान चोरी (Identity Theft) – अरू व्यक्तिको व्यक्तिगत जानकारी वा पहिचान दुरुपयोग गर्नु।
• गोपनीयता उल्लङ्घन – अनुमति बिना व्यक्तिगत फोटो, भिडियो वा सूचना सार्वजनिक गर्नु।
• नक्कली खाता निर्माण – अरूको नाम वा पहिचान प्रयोग गरी फेक अकाउन्ट बनाउनु।
• भाइरस/मालवेयर फैलाउनु – कम्प्युटर वा मोबाइललाई क्षति पुर्याउने हानिकारक सफ्टवेयर फैलाउनु।
३. साइबर अपराधका असरहरू
• आर्थिक क्षति हुन सक्छ।
• व्यक्तिगत गोपनीयता भङ्ग हुन्छ।
• महत्वपूर्ण सूचना तथा डाटा चोरी हुन सक्छ।
• व्यक्तिको प्रतिष्ठामा क्षति पुग्न सक्छ।
• मानसिक तनाव तथा डर उत्पन्न हुन सक्छ।
• संस्था वा देशको महत्वपूर्ण प्रणालीमा क्षति पुग्न सक्छ।
• सामाजिक सञ्जालमा गलत सूचना तथा अफवाह फैलिन सक्छ।
४. साइबर अपराधबाट बच्ने उपाय
विद्यार्थीले विशेष रूपमा याद गर्ने ७ उपाय:
• बलियो पासवर्ड प्रयोग गर्ने।
• OTP, PIN र पासवर्ड कसैलाई नदिने।
• अपरिचित link वा attachment नखोल्ने।
• सामाजिक सञ्जालमा व्यक्तिगत जानकारी धेरै सार्वजनिक नगर्ने।
• शंकास्पद वेबसाइट तथा अकाउन्टबाट सावधान रहने।
• महत्त्वपूर्ण अकाउन्टमा Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) प्रयोग गर्ने।
• साइबर अपराध भएमा अभिभावक, शिक्षक वा सम्बन्धित निकायलाई तुरुन्त जानकारी दिने।
परीक्षाका लागि छोटो उत्तर
साइबर अपराध भनेको कम्प्युटर, मोबाइल, इन्टरनेट वा अन्य डिजिटल प्रविधिको प्रयोग गरी गरिने गैरकानुनी कार्य हो। ह्याकिङ, फिसिङ, साइबर बुलिङ, अनलाइन ठगी, पहिचान चोरी र गोपनीयता उल्लङ्घन यसका उदाहरण हुन्
Trifles
ReplyDeleteSummary
Trifles (1916) is a one-act play by the American playwright Susan Glaspell, based on a real murder trial she had covered as a young reporter. The play is set in the gloomy, abandoned farmhouse of John Wright, who has been found strangled in his bed with a rope. His wife, Mrs. Wright, has been arrested on suspicion of the murder.
The county attorney, the sheriff and the neighbouring farmer Mr. Hale, who discovered the death, search the house for evidence of a motive. Their wives, Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale, wait in the kitchen, and the men mock the women for worrying over "trifles" like Mrs. Wright's frozen jars of preserves, her unfinished quilt and her untidy kitchen. But it is exactly these trifles that tell the real story. While the men search the bedroom and barn and find nothing, the women read the kitchen like a diary of a desperate life.
They remember that Mrs. Wright was once Minnie Foster, a pretty, lively town girl who sang in the choir: thirty years ago, before her cold, hard husband shut her up in a lonely farmhouse without children, company or even a telephone. Then they find the evidence the men are looking for: quilt stitching that suddenly goes wild with nervousness, an empty birdcage with a violently broken door, and finally, wrapped in silk in her sewing box, a dead canary: its neck wrung. John Wright had killed the songbird, the one joyful thing in his wife's caged life, and she had killed him the same way, with a knot around his neck.
Understanding what Minnie's life had been, the two women silently agree to hide the dead bird, the key evidence of motive, from their own husbands and the law. The play's central themes are gender, isolation and justice: the men, blinded by their sense of superiority, find nothing, while the women weigh Minnie's years of suffering against the law and quietly deliver their own verdict.
Understanding the text
ReplyDeleteAnswer the following questions.
a. Do you believe that Mrs. Wright killed her husband? Explain.
Yes, I believed that Mrs. Wright killed her husband. After listening to the conversation of two womens they were comparing Mrs. Wright before marriage life and after marriage life. By this we can understand that Mrs. Wright had very wonderful life before marriage and after marriage, her life was boring. She couldn't sing talk to anybody, depressed and her bird was killed by her husband. So, in case of revenge she killed her husband.
b. Do you think Mr. Wright’s death would have been uncovered if Mr. Hale hadn’t stopped by the Wrights’ home?
No, I don't think Mr. Wright's death would have been uncovered if Mr. Hale hadn't stopped by the Wright's home because if Mr. Hale hadn't stopped by the Wrights' home, nobody would ever know about Mr. Wright's death as the location of the house was quite far from the road and the news of his death will remain suppressed.
d. How does Mrs. Peters’ homesteading experience connect her to Mrs. Wright?
Mrs. Peter end up protecting Minnie Wright by hiding the strangled canary, which could be used as key evidence against her. Although Mrs. Peter's is the sheriff's wife and married to the law she comes to the same conclusion as Mrs. Wright and ultimately acting on her behalf. In this way Mrs. Peter's home steading experience connects her to Mrs. Wright.
e. How do the women’s perspectives on men differ?
The woman's perspectives on men differ by the fact that the mens are powerful and have become stupid and lazy but the women have no power except that of intelligence, which allows them to manipulate the men.
'The Gift In Wartine'
ReplyDelete-Tran Mong Tu
नेपाली अनुवाद
म तिमीलाई गुलाफहरू अर्पण गर्छु,
तिम्रो नयाँ चिहानमा गाडिएका।
म तिमीलाई मेरो विवाहको पहिरन अर्पण गर्छु,
घाँसले अझै हरियो रहेको तिम्रो चिहान ढाक्न।
तिमी मलाई पदकहरू दिन्छौ,
चाँदीका ताराहरूसहित,
र तिम्रो ब्याजमा भएका पहेँला चिन्हहरू,
जुन प्रयोग नभई अझै चम्किरहेका छन्।
म तिमीलाई मेरो जवानी अर्पण गर्छु,
हामी अझै प्रेममा हुँदा बिताएका ती दिनहरू।
मेरो जवानी त्यही बेला हरायो,
जब उनीहरूले मलाई त्यो नराम्रो खबर सुनाए।
तिमी मलाई रगतको गन्ध दिन्छौ,
तिम्रो युद्धको पोसाकबाट।
तिम्रो र तिम्रो शत्रुको रगत,
ताकि म भावुक हुन सकूँ।
म तिमीलाई बादलहरू अर्पण गर्छु,
जो गर्मीका दिनहरूमा मेरा आँखामाथि मडारिरहन्छन्।
म तिमीलाई चिसा जाडोहरू अर्पण गर्छु,
मेरो जीवनको वसन्त ऋतुको बीचमा।
तिमी मलाई मुस्कानविहीन ओठ दिन्छौ,
तिमी मलाई कोमलताविहीन बाहुहरू दिन्छौ,
तिमी मलाई दृष्टिविहीन आँखाहरू दिन्छौ,
र तिम्रो निश्चल शरीर दिन्छौ।
साँच्चै, म तिमीसँग क्षमा माग्छु।
म अर्को जीवनमा तिमीलाई भेट्ने वाचा गर्छु।
म यो बारुदको छर्रा (shrapnel) एउटा चिनोका रूपमा राख्नेछु,
जसको माध्यमबाट हामी एक-अर्कालाई चिन्न सक्नेछौँ।
ReplyDeleteChange the following questions into indirect speech:
1. Ram said to me, “Where do you live?”
2. She said to him, “Are you coming to the party?”
3. The teacher said to the student, “Why are you late?”
4. He said to me, “Have you finished your homework?”
5. Mother said to her son, “What are you doing?”
6. The stranger said to me, “Can you tell me the way to the hospital?”
7. Sita said to her friend, “Did you see the movie yesterday?”
8. The teacher said to me, “Who broke the window?”
9. He said to his brother, “When will you return?”
10. Father said to me, “Do you need any money?”
11. The police officer said to the driver, “Where were you going?”
12. She said to me, “Why have you not called me?”
13. Rina said, “Will you help me with this work?”
14. The manager said to the employee, “Have you completed the report?”
15. He said to me, “What did you buy from the market?”
16. The doctor said to the patient, “How are you feeling now?”
17. My friend said to me, “Do you know the answer?”
18. The principal said to the students, “Why were you making noise?”
19. She said to him, “Where can I find your office?”
20. The teacher said to the class, “Who wants to answer this question?”
Grammar
ReplyDeleteB. Complete the following sentences with however, although or in spite of.
a. In spite of, the fact that he is an octogenarian; he still leads an active life.
b. I still enjoyed the week although, the weather was bad.
c. He has passed MA. However, he hasn’t got a job.
d. Although, I had a headache, I enjoyed the movie.
e. Ramila didn’t get the job, in spite of, the fact that she had all the necessary qualifications.
f. In spite of, the fact that he had no money, he bought the car anyway.
g. We can go to the park for lunch although, the weather report says it's going to rain.
h. However, I speak English well, my first language is actually Maithili.
C. Combine the following sentences using the words given in brackets.
a. He was annoyed. He didn’t say anything. (although)
Although he was annoyed, he didn’t say anything.
b. Playing the stock market is exciting. It can be risky. (however)
Playing the stock market is exciting, however, it can be risky.
c. He works slowly. He never makes a mistake. (even though)
Even though he works slowly, he never makes a mistake.
d. It was raining. We still went to the park. (in spite of)
In spite of rain, we still went to the park.
e. Hark bought the watch. It was expensive. (despite)
Despite being expensive, Hark bought the watch.
f. He is very poor. He wears expensive clothes. (but)
He is very poor but wears expensive clothes.
D. Rewrite the following sentences using (a) although and (b) in spite of.
a. He had very little time, but he offered to help us.
- Although he had very little time, he offered to help us.
- In spite of having very little time, he offered to help us.
b. She is very poor, but she still wears expensive clothes.
- Although she is very poor, she still wears expensive clothes.
- In spite of being very poor, she still wears expensive clothes.
c. He's a millionaire, but he lives in a very small flat.
- Although he's a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.
- In spite of being a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.
d. They have a lot of money, but they are still not happy.
- Although they have a lot of money, they are still not happy.
- In spite of having a lot of money, they are still not happy.
e. The traffic was heavy, but we got there in time.
- Although the traffic was heavy, we got there in time.
- In spite of the heavy traffic, we got there in time.
Grammar
ReplyDeleteB. Complete the following sentences with however, although or in spite of.
a. ______ the fact that he is an octogenarian, he still leads an active life.
b. I still enjoyed the week ______ the weather was bad.
c. He has passed MA. ______, he hasn’t got a job.
d. ______ I had a headache, I enjoyed the movie.
e. Ramila didn’t get the job, ______ the fact that she had all the necessary qualifications.
f. ______ the fact that he had no money, he bought the car anyway.
g. We can go to the park for lunch ______ the weather report says it's going to rain.
h. ______ I speak English well, my first language is actually Maithili.
C. Combine the following sentences using the words given in brackets.
a. He was annoyed. He didn’t say anything. (although)
b. Playing the stock market is exciting. It can be risky. (however)
c. He works slowly. He never makes a mistake. (even though)
d. It was raining. We still went to the park. (in spite of)
e. Hark bought the watch. It was expensive. (despite)
f. He is very poor. He wears expensive clothes. (but)
D. Rewrite the following sentences using (a) although and (b) in spite of.
a. He had very little time, but he offered to help us.
b. She is very poor, but she still wears expensive clothes.
c. He's a millionaire, but he lives in a very small flat.
d. They have a lot of money, but they are still not happy.
e. The traffic was heavy, but we got there in time.
१. पहिलो पटक संविधानलाई मूल कानूनको रूपमा उल्लेख गर्ने संविधान कुन हो?
ReplyDelete२. संविधान सभा भनेको के हो?
३. नेपालमा हाल कार्यान्वयनमा रहेको संविधान कहिले जारी गरिएको हो?
४. मौलिक हक भनेको के हो?
५. नेपालको संविधानमा कतिवटा मौलिक हकको व्यवस्था गरिएको छ?
**छोटो उत्तर:**
१. संविधान सभाको महत्त्व लेख्नुहोस्।
२. नेपालको संविधानका कुनै सातवटा विशेषता उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
Reference to the Context
ReplyDeletea. Sketch the character of Monsieur Duran.
Monsieur Durand is the leading character of the one-act play ‘Facing Death’ written by August Strindberg. In this play, he is portrayed as a widower, the owner of the lodge and a former railway worker. He is financially weak and he has three daughters. They all live in the lodge. He has turned his living house into a lodge to make a living. In this play, Durand is a loving, caring and protective father who has a fragile relationship with his daughters. Due to bankruptcy, his living is being hard. He isn’t even receiving love from his daughters as they always despise him and blame him. But it is shown in the play that despite the hatred and dislike of his daughters, he gave his life for the sake of his daughters. Also, he is a devoted husband and keeps worrying about his dead son. He is a sad hero who deals with financial hardships before tragically giving his life for the sake of his daughters.
b. How do we know that the Duran family has reached a dead end?
By watching the sequence of his downfall and his miserable condition, we know that the Durand family has reached a dead end. Mr. Durand's family is completely bankrupt and is spending their life in the lodge, which he turned into his own house to make a living. They already have lost ancestral property.
Mr. Durand's household has been borrowing money from others for years so he is full of debt. There are bills in his name and he is unable to pay those bills. His condition is going worse and he has nothing to do. His daughters hat him and blame him all the town for that miserable condition though it was because of their mother's recklessness and stupid speculation.
His family is dying of hunger and starvation. His relationship with his daughters is not good. His debtors are forcing him to pay their bills whereas Durand is surviving by eating rat food. And in his mind, he has a plan to kill himself and burn his house. By this sequence of action, we know that the Durand family has reached a dead end.
The Gift in Wartime
ReplyDelete“The Gift in Wartime” by Tran Mong Tu is a poem about the pain, loss, and suffering caused by war.
In the first stanza, the speaker gives roses and a wedding dress to an unnamed person called “you.” These things represent love, happiness, and hope. In return, “you” gives the speaker medals, silver stars, and a badge. These things are connected with war and soldiers.
In the third stanza, the speaker gives their youth. In return, “you” gives them the smell of blood. This shows that war takes away the best years of a person's life and replaces happiness with violence and suffering.
Later, the speaker gives clouds and a sacrifice. The speaker sacrifices their beautiful springtime for the cold winter. However, “you” gives them lips without a smile and arms without tenderness. These images show sadness, loneliness, and a lack of love.
In the final stanza, the speaker receives shrapnel, or pieces of a bomb, from “you.” This makes it clear that “you” represents war. The speaker gives love, youth, happiness, and sacrifice, but war gives death, pain, violence, and sorrow in return.
Overall, the poem shows how war destroys love, youth, happiness, relationships, and human life. It presents the great suffering of people who are affected by war and shows that the gifts of war are actually pain, loss, and death.
1. What is the theme of the poem?
ReplyDeleteThe theme of the poem is the cruelty and inhumanity of the war and its negative impacts over humans. The poem talks about the tragedy caused by war. One life ends but many others are affected. After the untimely death of the soldier, his family and dear ones will suffer. Life is priceless, so there is no compensation for this great loss.
Important Long-Answer Questions
ReplyDelete1. How does Tran Mong Tu present the effects of war in the poem “The Gift in Wartime”? Explain.
2. What does the poem “The Gift in Wartime” suggest about the impact of war on human life?
3. Explain the contrast between the gifts given by the speaker and those given by “you” in the poem.
4. What do the “roses,” “wedding gown,” “medals,” “blood,” and “shrapnel” symbolize in the poem? Explain.
5. Who do you think “you” represents in the poem? Give reasons for your answer.
6. Why is the poem titled “The Gift in Wartime”? Explain the significance of the title.
7. How does the poet show the loss of love, youth and happiness caused by war? Discuss.
8. “War gives nothing but pain, suffering and death.” How is this idea expressed in “The Gift in Wartime”?
9. Describe the speaker’s sacrifices and the things she receives in return. What message does the poem convey?
10. “The Gift in Wartime” is an anti-war poem. Do you agree? Give reasons based on the poem.
1. Answer: Tran Mong Tu presents war as a source of pain, loss, violence and suffering in the poem “The Gift in Wartime.” The speaker gives beautiful things such as roses, a wedding gown, youth, clouds and sacrifice. These things represent love, happiness, hope and a peaceful life.
ReplyDeleteHowever, in return, the speaker receives medals, silver stars, the smell of blood, lips without a smile, arms without tenderness and shrapnel. These things represent war, death, sadness, loneliness and violence.
The poem shows that war destroys the beautiful things in human life. It takes away people's youth, love, relationships and happiness. Instead of giving peace, war brings bloodshed and death.
Thus, the poet strongly criticizes war and shows its terrible effects on human beings.
2. Answer: There is a strong contrast between the gifts given by the speaker and those given by “you” in the poem.
The speaker gives roses and a wedding gown, which represent love and happiness. The speaker also gives youth, clouds and sacrifice, which represent beauty, hope and the willingness to give up one's happiness.
In contrast, “you” gives medals, silver stars, a badge, the smell of blood, lips without a smile, arms without tenderness and shrapnel. These gifts represent war, violence, sadness, loneliness and death.
Therefore, the speaker gives valuable and beautiful things, while “you” gives painful and destructive things. This contrast shows that war takes away happiness and gives suffering in return.
3. Answer:The unnamed “you” in the poem can be understood as war. The gifts given by “you” strongly support this interpretation.
ReplyDeleteThe speaker receives medals, silver stars and a badge, which are associated with soldiers and war. The speaker also receives the smell of blood and shrapnel. These are clear signs of violence and destruction.
On the other hand, the speaker gives youth, love, happiness and sacrifice. War takes these beautiful things away and replaces them with suffering, loneliness and death.
Therefore, “you” is most likely a symbol of war. Through this symbolic “you,” the poet shows how war destroys human life and happiness.
4. Answer:The gifts in the poem have important symbolic meanings.
Roses symbolize love and beauty, while the wedding gown symbolizes marriage, happiness and a peaceful future. Youth represents the best and most valuable period of human life. Clouds suggest beauty, peace and hope, while sacrifice shows the speaker's willingness to give up personal happiness.
On the other hand, medals, silver stars and a badge represent military life and war. The smell of blood represents violence and death. Lips without a smile suggest sadness, and arms without tenderness suggest the loss of love and affection. Finally, shrapnel represents physical destruction and death caused by war.
Thus, the gifts symbolize the contrast between love and violence, happiness and suffering, and life and death.
5. Answer:The title “The Gift in Wartime” is meaningful and ironic. A gift is normally something pleasant that brings happiness. However, the gifts in this poem are mostly connected with pain, violence and loss.
The speaker gives roses, a wedding gown, youth, clouds and sacrifice. These gifts represent love, happiness, beauty and hope. In return, “you,” who can be understood as war, gives medals, blood, sadness, lack of tenderness and shrapnel.
The title therefore shows the cruel nature of war. The “gifts” of war are not really gifts because they bring suffering, destruction and death.
Thus, the title effectively expresses the main message of the poem: war takes away the beautiful things in human life and gives pain and loss in return.
6.Answer: Yes, I agree that “The Gift in Wartime” is an anti-war poem. Tran Mong Tu presents the destructive effects of war on human life.
ReplyDeleteThe speaker gives love, youth, happiness and sacrifice, but receives blood, sadness, loneliness and shrapnel in return. The images of blood, cold winters, lips without a smile, arms without tenderness and shrapnel clearly show the suffering caused by war.
The poem also shows that war destroys relationships and takes away people's youth and happiness. It does not provide anything truly valuable to ordinary people.
Therefore, the poem strongly opposes war and encourages readers to understand the importance of peace, love and human life.
7. Answer:Tran Mong Tu shows that war takes away love, youth and happiness from human beings. At the beginning of the poem, the speaker offers roses and a wedding gown, which symbolize love, beauty and a happy future.
The speaker also gives her youth, showing that she sacrifices the best period of her life because of war. Instead of receiving love and happiness, she receives the smell of blood. Later, she sacrifices her beautiful springtime for the coldness of winter.
The effects of war are further shown through the images of lips without a smile and arms without tenderness. These images suggest sadness, loneliness and the loss of affection. Finally, the speaker receives shrapnel, which represents violence and destruction.
Thus, the poet shows that war destroys love, takes away youth and replaces happiness with pain, loneliness and death.
8.Answer:The statement is clearly expressed in “The Gift in Wartime.” The poem presents war as a destructive force that takes away people's happiness and gives them pain and suffering.
The speaker gives beautiful things such as roses, a wedding gown and youth. These represent love, happiness and the best years of life. However, war gives the speaker medals, the smell of blood, lips without a smile, arms without tenderness and shrapnel.
The smell of blood represents death and violence. Lips without a smile represent sadness, while arms without tenderness represent the loss of love and affection. Shrapnel represents the physical destruction caused by war.
Therefore, the poem shows that war does not bring true happiness or benefit to human beings. It destroys love, youth, relationships and human life. The poet's message is that peace is much better than war.
9.Answer:The speaker makes many sacrifices because of war. At first, she gives roses and a wedding gown, which represent love and the hope of a happy married life. She then gives her youth, the most valuable period of her life.
The speaker also gives clouds and makes a sacrifice. She gives up her beautiful springtime and faces the coldness of winter. These sacrifices show that she loses her happiness, beauty and peaceful life.
In return, she receives things related to war and suffering. She receives medals, silver stars and a badge, followed by the smell of blood. She also receives lips without a smile, arms without tenderness and shrapnel.
The contrast between what she gives and what she receives shows the cruelty of war. She gives love, youth and happiness but receives pain, loneliness, violence and death.
10. Answer:Yes, I strongly agree that “The Gift in Wartime” is an anti-war poem. The poet presents the terrible effects of war rather than glorifying it.
The speaker gives roses, a wedding gown, youth and sacrifice, which symbolize love, happiness, beauty and hope. In return, she receives medals, blood, sadness, lack of tenderness and shrapnel. These images represent the violence and destruction caused by war.
The poem shows that war destroys people's dreams, relationships and peaceful lives. It takes away youth and happiness and leaves people with pain, loneliness and death.
The poet uses the contrast between the speaker's beautiful gifts and the cruel gifts of war to show that war is destructive and meaningless. Therefore, the poem strongly conveys an anti-war message and suggests that human beings should value peace, love and life.
हाम्रो राष्ट्रिय गौरव
ReplyDelete१. राष्ट्रिय गौरवको अर्थ
हाम्रो देशलाई संसारमा चिनाउने प्राकृतिक, सांस्कृतिक, ऐतिहासिक र धार्मिक सम्पदाहरूलाई राष्ट्रिय गौरव भनिन्छ।
नेपाल प्राकृतिक र सांस्कृतिक रूपमा धनी देश हो। नेपालका हिमाल, नदी, ताल, मन्दिर, ऐतिहासिक स्थान, कला, संस्कृति र परम्पराहरू हाम्रो राष्ट्रिय गौरव हुन्।
उदाहरण:
सगरमाथा
लुम्बिनी
पशुपतिनाथ मन्दिर
जानकी मन्दिर
नेपाली कला र संस्कृति
राष्ट्रिय झण्डा
राष्ट्रिय गान आदि।
२. बहुसांस्कृतिकता (Multiculturalism)
सरल अर्थ:
एउटै देशमा फरक–फरक जातजाति, भाषा, धर्म, संस्कृति, परम्परा र रहनसहन भएका मानिसहरू मिलेर बस्ने अवस्थालाई बहुसांस्कृतिकता भनिन्छ।
नेपाल बहुसांस्कृतिक देश हो।
नेपालमा विभिन्न:
जातजाति
भाषा
धर्म
संस्कृति
परम्परा
चाडपर्व
भेषभूषा
खानपान
पाइन्छन्।
उदाहरण:
नेपालमा विभिन्न समुदायका मानिसहरू बस्छन्। उनीहरूको भाषा, पोसाक, परम्परा र चाडपर्व फरक–फरक हुन सक्छन्।
जस्तै:
नेवार समुदायको आफ्नै संस्कृति छ।
थारू समुदायको आफ्नै संस्कृति छ।
गुरुङ, मगर, तामाङ, शेर्पा, राई, लिम्बू आदि समुदायका पनि आफ्नै भाषा र संस्कृति छन्।
त्यसैले विविधतामा एकता नेपालको विशेषता हो।
सांस्कृतिक सम्मिश्रण
फरक संस्कृतिका मानिसहरू एकअर्कासँग घुलमिल हुँदा एक संस्कृतिले अर्को संस्कृतिबाट केही कुरा सिक्छ र अपनाउँछ। यसलाई सांस्कृतिक सम्मिश्रण (Cultural Agglomeration) भन्न सकिन्छ।
यसले नयाँ र मिश्रित संस्कृतिको विकास गर्न सहयोग गर्छ।
३. नेपालीको वीरता (Valour of the Nepali)
नेपालीहरूलाई संसारमा वीर र साहसी मानिसका रूपमा चिनिन्छ।
नेपालले विभिन्न समयमा विदेशी शक्तिसँग युद्ध गरेको छ। नेपाली सैनिकहरूले कठिन परिस्थितिमा पनि साहस, बहादुरी, इमानदारी र देशप्रेम देखाएका छन्।
नेपालीको वीरताका मुख्य विशेषताहरू
1. साहसी – नेपालीहरू कठिन परिस्थितिसँग डराउँदैनन्।
2. बहादुर – युद्धमा बहादुरीपूर्वक लड्छन्।
3. इमानदार – आफ्नो कर्तव्यप्रति इमानदार हुन्छन्।
4. देशभक्त – देशको रक्षा गर्न तयार हुन्छन्।
5. अनुशासित – नियम र कर्तव्य पालना गर्छन्।
6. त्यागी – देशका लागि आफ्नो जीवनसमेत त्याग गर्न तयार हुन्छन्।
विश्वयुद्धमा नेपाली वीरता
पहिलो र दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धमा नेपाली सैनिकहरूले विभिन्न ठाउँमा युद्ध लडे। उनीहरूले उच्च साहस, बहादुरी र युद्धकौशल प्रदर्शन गरे।
यस कारण नेपाली वीरताको चर्चा संसारभरि भएको छ।
४. राष्ट्रिय झण्डा
नेपालको राष्ट्रिय झण्डा संसारका अन्य देशको भन्दा फरक र विशेष छ।
नेपालको झण्डामा:
दुईवटा त्रिकोण छन्।
माथिल्लो भागमा चन्द्रमा छ।
तल्लो भागमा सूर्य छ।
झण्डाको मुख्य रङ रातो हो।
चारैतिर निलो किनारा छ।
राष्ट्रिय झण्डाले नेपालको स्वतन्त्रता, वीरता, प्राकृतिक सम्पदा र राष्ट्रिय पहिचानलाई प्रतिनिधित्व गर्छ।
५. राष्ट्रिय गान
नेपालको राष्ट्रिय गानको नाम “सयौँ थुँगा फूलका” हो।
यसले नेपालका विभिन्न जातजाति, भाषा, धर्म, संस्कृति र क्षेत्रलाई एउटै राष्ट्रका रूपमा जोड्ने भावना व्यक्त गर्छ।
राष्ट्रिय गानले हामीमा:
देशप्रेम
राष्ट्रिय एकता
गौरव
आपसी सद्भाव
को भावना विकास गर्छ
राष्ट्रिय गौरव देशलाई चिनाउने महत्वपूर्ण सम्पदा
बहुसांस्कृतिकता विभिन्न संस्कृति मिलेर बस्ने अवस्था
सांस्कृतिक विविधता विभिन्न जाति, भाषा, धर्म र संस्कृतिको विविधता
नेपालीको वीरता नेपालीको साहस, बहादुरी र देशप्रेम
राष्ट्रिय झण्डा नेपालको राष्ट्रिय पहिचानको प्रतीक
राष्ट्रिय गान राष्ट्रप्रेम र राष्ट्रिय एकताको भावना जगाउने गीत
एक वाक्यमा पाठको सार:
नेपाल प्राकृतिक, सांस्कृतिक र ऐतिहासिक सम्पदाले सम्पन्न तथा विभिन्न जातजाति, भाषा, धर्म र संस्कृतिमा विविधता भएको वीर र स्वतन्त्र देश हो।
Facing Death
ReplyDeleteSummary
"Facing Death" is a one-act modern tragedy by the Swedish playwright August Strindberg. Its hero is Monsieur Durand (a widower, former railroad worker and father of three daughters) who runs a boarding house that was once his family home. The play takes place in his dining room, where the full misery of the family's situation unfolds in a single morning.
The Durand family has reached a dead end. The grocer, the baker and the butcher all send their unpaid bills and refuse further credit; the household is starving, and Durand himself survives on scraps, even eating the food set out for the rats. The family inheritances from both sides were wasted long ago, chiefly through the recklessness and stupid speculation of Durand's late wife, yet she taught the daughters to blame their father for everything. The daughters, above all the bitter Theresa, treat him with open contempt, snatching away even his glass of milk, while he stays silent about their mother's faults so that they can keep loving her memory. His one indulgence is a candle burned for his beloved little son Rene, who died in childhood.
Durand carries other quiet sorrows: he even lies about his birthplace, hiding the fact that he left his homeland for love and once fought against it from the Swiss side, to protect his and his wife's reputation. But behind his passive suffering he has formed a terrible plan. He has already sold his life insurance to pay a pressing debt, and has kept up the payments on his fire insurance.
In the final scene the plan becomes clear: Durand sets fire to his own house and drinks poison, so that his daughters will collect five thousand francs of insurance money and escape their poverty. The play thus shows a father "facing death" deliberately and calmly: a modern tragedy in which the hero's downfall comes not from fate or kings, but from money, debt and a loveless family, and whose last act is one of self-sacrificing love for the very daughters who despised him.
1. Why does Monsieur Duran tell a lie about his birthplace?
ReplyDeleteMonsieur Durand tells a lie about his birthplace because he used to love a woman before his marriageable age. To marry that lady, he left his hometown and migrated to Switzerland. He tells a lie to protect his and his wife’s reputation. Also, he had fought against his homeland from the side of Switzerland. So he wanted to mask his humiliation. Therefore, he tells a lie.
A Sunny Morning
ReplyDeleteCharacters
Dona Laura, a handsome old lady of 70
Don Gonzalo, an old man of 70
Petra, maid of Laura
Juanito, servant of Gonzalo
Place: A park of Mardid (Spain)
Introduction
The one-act play, “A Sunny Morning – A Comedy of Madrid” is a hilarious comic play written by Serafin and Joaquin Alveraz Quintero, popularly known as the ‘Golden Boys of Madrid Theatre’. The entire play revolves around two major characters Don Gonzalo and Dona Laura, who in their youth were passionate lovers but estranged by the cruelty of the fate. After several years of their separation now in their 70’s both Don Gonzalo and Dona Laura accidentally meet in a park of Madrid but they are not able to recognise each other. As they begin to talk they slowly drifted to recall their past and soon they realise individually that they were passionate lovers of the past. However, they are unwilling to disclose their real identity and introduced themselves as friends of those lovers.
Characters in A Sunny Morning by Joaquín Álvarez Quintero and Serafín Álvarez Quintero
ReplyDeleteThe play has two main characters:
• Don Gonzalo – An elderly Spanish gentleman. He is proud, somewhat impatient and argumentative. In his youth, he was deeply in love with Laura. When he meets her again after many years, he initially does not recognize her.
• Doña Laura – An elderly lady and Don Gonzalo’s former lover. She is intelligent, lively, romantic and sentimental. She also remembers her past love and recognizes Gonzalo before revealing her identity.
Other characters
• Juanito – Don Gonzalo’s servant.
• Petra – Doña Laura’s maid/servant.
• The three priests – Minor characters who appear in the park.
The central characters are Don Gonzalo and Doña Laura. They were lovers in their youth but separated because of a misunderstanding. Years later, they meet again in a park and pretend not to recognize each other, although both eventually realize who the other person is. Their conversation allows them to relive their lost love without disturbing their present lives.
यहाँ कक्षा १० को सामाजिक अध्ययन विषयको पाठ 'सङ्घीय नेपाल र विकासको प्रादेशिक अवधारण
ReplyDelete१. सङ्घीयताको अर्थ
* उत्पत्ति: सङ्घीयतालाई अङ्ग्रेजीमा Federalism भनिन्छ। यो शब्द ल्याटिन भाषाको Foedus बाट आएको हो, जसको अर्थ सम्झौता वा सन्धि हुन्छ।
* परिभाषा: राज्यको शक्तिको बाँडफाँड गरी दुई वा सोभन्दा बढी तहका सरकारमार्फत शासन सञ्चालन गर्ने प्रणाली नै सङ्घीयता हो।
* स्वशासन र साझा शासन: सङ्घीयतामा तल्लो तहका सरकारले आफ्नो अधिकार क्षेत्रभित्र आफैँ शासन गर्ने (स्वशासन) र राष्ट्रिय सरोकारका विषयमा केन्द्रसँग मिलेर काम गर्ने (साझा शासन) अभ्यास हुन्छ।
नेपालको सङ्घीयताका आधार (३ 'स'):
१. सहकारिता: सबै तहका सरकारबीच आपसमा सहकार्य हुनु।
२. सहअस्तित्व: प्रत्येक तहको सरकारको संवैधानिक अस्तित्वलाई स्वीकार र सम्मान गर्नु।
३. समन्वय: विवाद रहित ढङ्गले काम गर्न आपसमा तालमेल मिलाउनु।
२. संवैधानिक अधिकारको बाँडफाँड
नेपालको संविधानले तीनवटै तहका अधिकारहरू अनुसूचीमा विभाजन गरेको छ:
* अनुसूची ५: सङ्घीय (केन्द्र) सरकारको एकल अधिकार।
* अनुसूची ६: प्रदेश सरकारको एकल अधिकार।
* अनुसूची ८: स्थानीय सरकारको एकल अधिकार।
* अनुसूची ७: सङ्घ र प्रदेशको साझा अधिकार।
* अनुसूची ९: सङ्घ, प्रदेश र स्थानीय तहको साझा अधिकार।
३. एकात्मक र सङ्घीय शासन व्यवस्थाबीच तुलना
| तुलनाको आधार | एकात्मक व्यवस्था | सङ्घीय व्यवस्था |
| शक्तिको केन्द्रीकरण | सम्पूर्ण अधिकार केन्द्र वा राजधानीमा सीमित हुन्छ। | अधिकार संविधानमार्फत नै विभिन्न तहमा बाँडफाँड हुन्छ। |
| स्थानीय स्वायत्तता | स्थानीय निकायहरू केन्द्रको नियन्त्रणमा हुन्छन्। | स्थानीय र प्रदेश सरकारहरू आफ्नो क्षेत्रमा स्वायत्त हुन्छन्। |
| सेवा प्रवाह | सामान्य कामका लागि पनि राजधानी वा सदरमुकाम धाउनुपर्ने हुन्छ। | घरदैलोमै सरकारी सेवाहरू सजिलै प्राप्त हुन्छन्। |
४. नेपालको सङ्घीय संरचना
नेपाललाई ७ प्रदेश र ७५३ स्थानीय तहमा विभाजन गरी तीन तहको सरकारको व्यवस्था गरिएको छ:
क) केन्द्र (सङ्घीय) सरकार
* व्यवस्थापिका: सङ्घीय संसद (प्रतिनिधि सभा + राष्ट्रिय सभा)
* कार्यपालिका: सङ्घीय मन्त्रिपरिषद् (अधिकतम २५ जना मन्त्री)
* न्यायपालिका: सर्वोच्च अदालत
ख) प्रदेश सरकार
* व्यवस्थापिका: प्रदेश सभा
* कार्यपालिका: प्रदेश मन्त्रिपरिषद्
* न्यायपालिका: उच्च अदालत
ग) स्थानीय सरकार
* व्यवस्थापिका: गाउँ सभा / नगर सभा
* कार्यपालिका: गाउँ कार्यपालिका / नगर कार्यपालिका
* न्यायपालिका: न्यायिक समिति (स्थानीय विवाद मिलाउन)
५. नेपालमा सङ्घीयताका सबल पक्ष (फाइदाहरू)
* सेवा प्रवाहमा सरलता: सिंहदरबारको अधिकार गाउँ-गाउँमा पुगेकाले सामान्य कामका लागि काठमाडौँ धाउनुपर्ने बाध्यता अन्त्य भएको छ।
* बसाइँसराइ व्यवस्थापन: स्थानीय तहमै शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य र विकास पुगेकाले मानिसहरू आफ्नै क्षेत्रमा रोकिने अवसर सिर्जना भएको छ।
* प्रशासनिक जिम्मेवारीको बाँडफाँड: करिब ५५ प्रतिशत प्रशासनिक जिम्मेवारी प्रदेश र स्थानीय तहमा हस्तान्तरण गरिएको छ।
* राजस्व संकलनमा सुधार: करको दायरा फराकिलो भएको छ र चुहावट नियन्त्रणमा सहयोग पुगेको छ।
६. सङ्घीयताका चुनौतीहरू
१. बलियो राष्ट्रिय नीति कायम राख्नु: प्रदेशहरू अनुसार नीति फरक हुन सक्ने भएकाले राष्ट्रिय एकता र एउटै नीति कायम राख्न चुनौतीपूर्ण छ।
२. उत्तरदायित्व र समन्वय: अधिकार र जिम्मेवारी जुध्न सक्ने भएकाले कामको पन्छाउने प्रवृत्ति रोक्नु।
३. राष्ट्रियता र अखण्डता: क्षेत्रीय संकीर्णता बढेर देश विखण्डन हुन नदिनु।
४. खर्च कायम राख्नु: तीन तहको सरकार सञ्चालन गर्न धेरै बजेट चाहिने भएकाले सानो अर्थतन्त्र भएका देशका लागि खर्च धान्न कठिन हुनु।
के तपाईंलाई यस पाठबाट सोधिन सक्ने परीक्षा उपयोगी सम्भावित प्रश्नहरू वा थप स्पष्टीकरण चाहिन्छ?
The Treasure in the Forest
ReplyDeleteSummary
The story begins with two men, Evans and Hooker, “stranded British wastrels”, heading in a canoe towards a coral island in the heat of the noon sun, after having paddled all night from the mainland. Hooker is studying a map, which the narrator reveals they have stolen from a Chinaman, Chang-hi, whom they murdered during the theft. Chang-hi had by chance discovered the treasure left behind by a shipwrecked h4ish galleon, and had decided to rebury it elsewhere, at a location revealed by his map. One aspect of the map puzzles Evans and Hooker though; part of it is covered by little dashes pointing in every direction.
Evans and Hooker identify the spot indicated on the map, and after beaching their canoe they strike into the interior of the island, through the forest. They soon discover the identifying pile of stones just as the map says, but alongside it lies the purple and swollen body of a Chinaman who had evidently himself been looking for the treasure, as they can see some half-exposed yellow bars of gold in the hole he had been digging. The men assume the Chinaman to have been one of Chang-hi’s associates, who had decided to try and claim the treasure for himself.
Evans starts to pick up the gold ingots to take them back to the canoe, but as he does so feels a thorn prick. The two men load as much of the gold as they can drag back to the boat in Evans’s jacket and set off, but after about a hundred yards Evans’s arms start to ache, he becomes sweaty and he begins to convulse. Hooker, in rearranging the ingots on the jacket after Evans’s collapse, himself feels a thorn prick, and at last realizes the meaning of the little dashes on the map; Chang-hi had protected his treasure with thorns “similar to those the Dyaks poison and use in their blowing-tubes”.
The story ends as Hooker lies dying alongside the “still quivering” body of his companion.
Characters of Treasure in the Forest
ReplyDelete• Evan and Hooker
• They are the two main characters.
• They are greedy and dishonest treasure hunters.
• They find a map showing the location of hidden treasure.
• They go to an island to find the treasure.
• They are suspicious of others and are mainly motivated by wealth.
• Morris
• Morris is the man who originally hid the treasure.
• He is clever, suspicious, and revengeful.
• He knows that Evan and Hooker may try to steal his treasure.
• He protects the treasure by putting poison on the treasure boxes.
• His plan ultimately causes Evan and Hooker’s deaths.
• The Three Chinese Men
• They appear briefly in the story.
• They are connected with Morris and the treasure.
• Their presence helps create mystery and suspense in the story.
कक्षा १० सामाजिक
ReplyDelete१. रोजगारी भनेको के हो?
रोजगारी भनेको आयआर्जन गर्न गरिने मानसिक वा शारीरिक काम हो।
रोजगारीको मुख्य उद्देश्य आम्दानी गर्नु हो। यसबाट मानिसले आफ्नो जीवनस्तर सुधार गर्न, परिवारको आवश्यकता पूरा गर्न र गरिबी घटाउन सहयोग पाउँछ।
नेपालमा पर्याप्त रोजगारीका अवसर सिर्जना हुन नसक्दा धेरै नेपाली युवाहरू रोजगारीका लागि विदेश जाने गरेका छन्।
२. स्वदेशी र वैदेशिक रोजगारी
स्वदेशी रोजगारी
आफ्नै देशभित्र उपलब्ध रोजगारीलाई स्वदेशी रोजगारी भनिन्छ।
उदाहरण:
• नेपालमा शिक्षकको काम गर्नु
• नेपालमै व्यापार गर्नु
• उद्योग वा कार्यालयमा काम गर्नु
• कृषि तथा पर्यटन क्षेत्रमा काम गर्नु
वैदेशिक रोजगारी
आफ्नो देश छोडेर अर्को देशमा गई रोजगारी वा काम गर्नुलाई वैदेशिक रोजगारी भनिन्छ।
उदाहरण:
नेपालको नागरिक मलेसिया, कतार, संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स, साउदी अरब आदि देशमा गई काम गर्नु।
मुख्य फरक
स्वदेशी रोजगारीवैदेशिक रोजगारीआफ्नै देशमा गरिन्छविदेशी देशमा गरिन्छपरिवारसँग बस्न सजिलो हुन्छपरिवारबाट टाढा बस्नुपर्छदेशभित्रै आय सिर्जना हुन्छविदेशबाट रकम नेपाल भित्रिन्छस्थानीय विकासमा सहयोग पुग्छविप्रेषण बढाउन सहयोग पुग्छ
३. विप्रेषण (Remittance)
विदेशमा रोजगारी वा व्यवसाय गरेर नेपालीहरूले कमाएको रकम नेपालमा पठाउँछन्। यस्तो रकमलाई विप्रेषण भनिन्छ।
उदाहरण:
कतारमा काम गर्ने नेपालीले आफ्नो परिवारलाई नेपालमा पैसा पठायो भने त्यो पैसा विप्रेषण हो।
विप्रेषणको महत्त्व
• परिवारको आर्थिक अवस्था सुधार हुन्छ।
• शिक्षा र स्वास्थ्यमा खर्च गर्न सहयोग पुग्छ।
• घर निर्माण तथा व्यवसाय गर्न सहयोग हुन्छ।
• गरिबी घटाउन मद्दत गर्छ।
• देशमा विदेशी मुद्रा भित्रिन्छ।
• राष्ट्रिय अर्थतन्त्रमा योगदान पुग्छ।
४. नेपालमा वैदेशिक रोजगारीको इतिहास
नेपालमा वैदेशिक रोजगारीको इतिहास लामो छ। सन् १८१६ को सुगौली सन्धिपछि नेपाली युवाहरूलाई बेलायती सेनामा भर्ती गर्ने प्रक्रिया सुरु भएको मानिन्छ। नेपालीहरू पछि गोर्खा रेजिमेन्टमा समेत भर्ती हुन थाले।
त्यसैगरी, सन् १९५० को नेपाल–भारत सन्धिपछि नेपाली नागरिकलाई भारतमा र भारतीय नागरिकलाई नेपालमा रोजगारी तथा आवतजावत गर्न सहज वातावरण बनेको थियो।
हाल नेपाली युवाहरू रोजगारीका लागि विभिन्न देशमा जाने गरेका छन्।
५. नेपालीहरू वैदेशिक रोजगारीमा जाने प्रमुख देशहरू
नेपालीहरू रोजगारीका लागि जाने प्रमुख देशहरू:
• मलेसिया
• कतार
• संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स (UAE)
• साउदी अरब
• कुवेत
• अन्य खाडी तथा विभिन्न देशहरू
६. वैदेशिक रोजगारीमा जाने युवाको अवस्था
ReplyDeleteपाठमा दिइएको तथ्याङ्कले लामो समयसम्म वैदेशिक रोजगारीमा जाने नेपाली युवाको संख्या बढेको देखाउँछ। बीचका केही वर्षमा प्राकृतिक विपत्ति, कोभिड–१९ महामारी लगायतका कारण संख्या घटेको देखिन्छ। त्यसपछि पुनः वैदेशिक रोजगारीमा जानेहरूको संख्या बढेको छ।
तथ्याङ्कबाट देखिने मुख्य कुरा
• वैदेशिक रोजगारी नेपाली युवाको प्रमुख रोजगारीको माध्यम बनेको छ।
• रोजगारीका लागि खाडी मुलुक, मलेसिया आदि प्रमुख गन्तव्य हुन्।
• वैदेशिक रोजगारीबाट ठूलो मात्रामा विप्रेषण नेपाल भित्रिन्छ।
• तर, स्वदेशमै पर्याप्त रोजगारी सिर्जना गर्नु आवश्यक छ।
७. नेपालमा रोजगारीको अवस्था किन कमजोर छ?
नेपालमा पर्याप्त रोजगारी सिर्जना हुन नसक्नुका केही कारण:
• औद्योगिक क्षेत्रको पर्याप्त विकास नहुनु
• उद्योग तथा कलकारखानाको कमी
• लगानीको कमी
• सीपयुक्त रोजगारीको अवसर कम हुनु
• उत्पादनमूलक क्षेत्रमा पर्याप्त विकास नहुनु
• जनसंख्या तथा श्रमशक्तिको वृद्धि
• युवाका लागि पर्याप्त रोजगारीको अवसर नहुनु
८. स्वदेशमै रोजगारी सिर्जना गर्ने उपायहरू
नेपालमा वैदेशिक रोजगारीको निर्भरता कम गर्न स्वदेशमै रोजगारी सिर्जना गर्नुपर्छ।
प्रमुख उपायहरू
• उद्योग तथा कलकारखाना स्थापना गर्ने।
• कृषिको आधुनिकीकरण गर्ने।
• युवालाई सीपमूलक तथा व्यावसायिक तालिम दिने।
• पर्यटन क्षेत्रको विकास गर्ने।
• साना तथा घरेलु उद्योगलाई प्रोत्साहन गर्ने।
• उद्यमशीलता र स्वरोजगारलाई प्रोत्साहन गर्ने।
• देशमा लगानीको वातावरण बनाउने।
• बजारको मागअनुसार प्राविधिक तथा व्यावसायिक शिक्षा दिने।
• जलस्रोत, पर्यटन, कृषि आदि क्षेत्रको उपयोग गर्ने।
• वैदेशिक रोजगारीबाट फर्किएका युवाको सीप र पूँजीलाई स्वदेशमा प्रयोग गर्ने।
परीक्षाका लागि छोटा प्रश्न
१. रोजगारी भनेको के हो?
→ आयआर्जन गर्न गरिने मानसिक वा शारीरिक कामलाई रोजगारी भनिन्छ।
२. वैदेशिक रोजगारी भनेको के हो?
→ आफ्नो देश छोडेर अर्को देशमा गई रोजगारी वा काम गर्नु वैदेशिक रोजगारी हो।
३. विप्रेषण भनेको के हो?
→ विदेशमा काम गर्ने नेपालीले आफ्नो देशमा पठाएको रकमलाई विप्रेषण भनिन्छ।
४. नेपालीहरू वैदेशिक रोजगारीमा जाने कुनै चार देशको नाम लेख्नुहोस्।
→ मलेसिया, कतार, संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स र साउदी अरब।
५. स्वदेशमै रोजगारी सिर्जना गर्ने कुनै चार उपाय लेख्नुहोस्।
→ उद्योग स्थापना, कृषिको आधुनिकीकरण, सीपमूलक तालिम र पर्यटन विकास।
६. वैदेशिक रोजगारीको एउटा सकारात्मक पक्ष र एउटा नकारात्मक पक्ष लेख्नुहोस्।
→ सकारात्मक पक्ष: विप्रेषणबाट परिवारको आर्थिक अवस्था सुधार हुन्छ।
→ नकारात्मक पक्ष: परिवारबाट टाढा बस्नुपर्छ र विभिन्न जोखिम सामना गर्नुपर्न सक्छ।
अब कुन भागमा ध्यान दिने?
कक्षा १०: सामाजिक अध्ययन
ReplyDeleteपाठ ४: वित्तीय शिक्षा र उपकरणहरू
१. वित्तको अर्थ (Meaning of Finance)
परिभाषा: वित्त भनेको रकम वा कोष (Fund) हो। आर्थिक कारोबार वा सम्पत्तिसँग सम्बन्धित गतिविधिहरूलाई वित्त भनिन्छ।
वित्तीय क्रियाकलाप: व्यापार-व्यवसायमा लगानी गर्ने, लगानीको व्यवस्थापन गर्ने, ऋण लिने-दिने, नाफा कमाउने र कमाएको नाफा अंशियारहरू (Shareholders) बिच बाँड्ने कार्यहरू यसअन्तर्गत पर्छन्।
इतिहास र वर्तमान: मानव सभ्यताको विकाससँगै अनौपचारिक वित्तीय क्रियाकलाप सुरु भएका हुन्। वर्तमान समयमा वित्तीय संस्थाहरूले देशको अर्थतन्त्रलाई सुदृढ बनाउन मुख्य भूमिका खेलिरहेका छन्।
२. वित्तीय शिक्षाको अवधारणा (Concept of Financial Education)
परिभाषा: आफूसँग भएको धन-सम्पत्ति र आम्दानीलाई सही, प्रभावकारी र मितव्ययी (सोचेर-सम्झेर) तरिकाले प्रयोग गर्न सिकाउने ज्ञान नै वित्तीय शिक्षा हो। यसलाई वित्तीय साक्षरता (Financial Literacy) पनि भनिन्छ।
विगतको अवस्था: विगतमा नेपालको वित्तीय प्रणाली साहु-महाजनको नियन्त्रणमा थियो। साहुहरूले सोझा र गरिब जनतालाई उच्च ब्याजदरमा ऋण दिई ठगी गर्थे। साथै, मानिसहरूले आफ्नो सम्पत्ति (सुन, चाँदी, नगद) घरमै वा जमिनमुनि गाडेर राख्ने गर्थे।
वर्तमान अवस्था: आजभोलि बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाहरूको विकासले गर्दा मानिसहरूमा वित्तीय चेतना र ज्ञान बढेको छ।
३. कठिन तथा पारिभाषिक शब्दावली (Key Terms)
कोष (Fund): नगद रकम वा कुनै निश्चित उद्देश्यका लागि बचत गरी राखिएको रकम।
सम्पत्ति (Property/Assets): आफूसँग भएको धनमाल, जायजेथा वा रकम।
मुद्रा व्यवस्थापन (Money Management): सम्पत्ति र आम्दानीको सही सदुपयोग र बचत गर्ने तरिका वा कला।
The Treasure in the Forest
ReplyDeleteSummary
The story begins with two men, Evans and Hooker, “stranded British wastrels”, heading in a canoe towards a coral island in the heat of the noon sun, after having paddled all night from the mainland. Hooker is studying a map, which the narrator reveals they have stolen from a Chinaman, Chang-hi, whom they murdered during the theft. Chang-hi had by chance discovered the treasure left behind by a shipwrecked h4ish galleon, and had decided to rebury it elsewhere, at a location revealed by his map. One aspect of the map puzzles Evans and Hooker though; part of it is covered by little dashes pointing in every direction.
Evans and Hooker identify the spot indicated on the map, and after beaching their canoe they strike into the interior of the island, through the forest. They soon discover the identifying pile of stones just as the map says, but alongside it lies the purple and swollen body of a Chinaman who had evidently himself been looking for the treasure, as they can see some half-exposed yellow bars of gold in the hole he had been digging. The men assume the Chinaman to have been one of Chang-hi’s associates, who had decided to try and claim the treasure for himself.
Evans starts to pick up the gold ingots to take them back to the canoe, but as he does so feels a thorn prick. The two men load as much of the gold as they can drag back to the boat in Evans’s jacket and set off, but after about a hundred yards Evans’s arms start to ache, he becomes sweaty and he begins to convulse. Hooker, in rearranging the ingots on the jacket after Evans’s collapse, himself feels a thorn prick, and at last realizes the meaning of the little dashes on the map; Chang-hi had protected his treasure with thorns “similar to those the Dyaks poison and use in their blowing-tubes”.
The story ends as Hooker lies dying alongside the “still quivering” body of his companion
1. Why do you think Evan and Hooker took such a risk of finding the buried treasure on a desert island?
ReplyDeleteI think Evan and Hooker took such a risk of finding the buried treasure on a desert island because of their greed for wealth. They took it as a challenge and the risks as rewards. They were also attracted by the fact that it was the treasure left behind by a shipwrecked h4ish galleon which may cost millions of dollars. So they became crazy about the treasure and took such a risk of finding the buried treasure on a desert island.
2. How does greed lead to the tragic ending of the story?
ReplyDeleteThe Treasure in the Forest by H. G. Wells is a story that shows how greed can lead to destruction.
Evans and Hooker discover a map that leads them to a hidden treasure in a forest. They become excited and decide to find the treasure. They travel to the island and follow the directions on the map.
After reaching the place, they find the treasure hidden in the ground. However, the treasure has been poisoned with a deadly substance. While handling the treasure, both men are affected by the poison.
Instead of enjoying their wealth, they suffer and eventually die. Their desire to become rich makes them careless about the danger.
Thus, the story teaches us that excessive greed can destroy human life. It also reminds us that wealth is not more valuable than life.
class -11 (Literature Section)
ReplyDelete1. How is the title ‘A Sunny Morning’ justifiable? Discuss.
This play is set in a park in Madrid, Spain on a sunny morning. In this setting, the entire play has been presented. A sunny morning has provided an ideal setting for a reunion of two former lovers in their golden years. They argue, know each other, conceal their identities, admire, tell fabricated stories about their deaths, prefer to meet again the next sunny morning, and so on. From start to finish, the entire play continues to make us laugh hysterically while remaining in this setting of a sunny morning. As a result, the title 'A Sunny Morning' is quite appropriate, as it depicts a reconciliation of former lovers in a park with great humour.
Summary
ReplyDeleteThe play opens in the setting of a park where Dona Laura enters the park with the help of her maid, Petra and finds place to sit on a bench to feed the birds with breadcrumbs. Meanwhile, Don Gonzalo also enters the park with his servant, Juanito and hesitates to sit on other side of the bench, which was already occupied by Dona Laura. He even curses the priests for being occupied his bench on which he usually sits in every sunny morning. He looks negatively at every aspect of his life and goes on complaining whereas Laura expresses her grievances when others disturb her. In the beginning both of them are reluctant at each other but soon they tried to understand each other in the progress of their conversation.
Sharing a pinch of snuff between them softens their tone into friendliness. Soon their conversation stumbles upon reading books. This paves the way for the next level of their story. Dona Laura reads a poem from a book given by Don Gonzalo, which surprises them, that they were the lovers of several decades before and now talking about themselves. However, they do not want to disclose their true identities since they have lost seen each other in early youth. So, they spin fictitious stories where Laura identifies herself as a friend of ‘The Silver Maiden’ Laura Llorente while Don Gonzalo identifies himself as the cousin of Don Gonzalo.
Laura Llorente lived at Maricela in Valencia. She was known as ‘The Silver Maiden’ in her locality. Gonzalo would pass by on his horseback every morning under Laura’s house window and would toss a bouquet of flowers up to her balcony. In the afternoon, while he would return by the same path and catch a bouquet of flowers that she would toss him down. When Laura’s parents wanted to marry her to a merchant a duel was followed and the merchant was badly wounded by Gonzalo. Don Gonzalo fled away fearing of the consequences. Laura waited for days and months and not hearing from him for a long time she left her home one afternoon and went to the beach. While she was engrossed in Don Gonzalo’s thoughts she was washed away by the waves.
Don Gonzalo also tried to spin his version of a story about his supposed cousin. Gonzalo also loved Laura intensely. After injuring the merchant seriously, fearing the consequences, he took refuge in Seville and Madrid. He wrote many letters to her but her parents seized them. As there was no reply, in despair, he joined the army and went to Africa where he died in one of the trenches holding the flag of Spain and muttering the name of his love, Laura.
In reality, after two years of their separation, Laura married someone and settled down in her life. Similarly, Gonzalo disappointed over his lost love, three months later he too married a ballet dancer and settled down in Paris. Though, they were separated, in their hearts the yearning for the romantic love continued. When they met in the park after nearly 50 years both of them were able to recall their intense romantic affair. Although they came to know about each other in reality, they did not want to reveal, as they had lost their charming youth. Thus the play “A Sunny Morning entertains the audience.
कक्षा १० को सामाजिक अध्ययन विषय अन्तर्गत "पाठ ८: वित्तीय शिक्षा र उपकरणहरू"
ReplyDelete१. वित्त (Finance) भनेको के हो?
वित्त भनेको पैसा वा धनसम्पत्तिको सही व्यवस्थापन गर्नु हो। पैसा कसरी कमाउने, कहाँ लगानी गर्ने, नाफा-घाटा कसरी मिलाउने र कसरी बचत गर्ने भन्ने सम्पूर्ण आर्थिक गतिविधिहरू वित्तभित्र पर्छन्।
२. वित्तीय शिक्षा (Financial Education / Literacy)
आफ्नो धन-सम्पत्ति वा आम्दानीलाई नठगिईकन, सही र मितव्ययी (सोचेर-सम्झेर) तरिकाले प्रयोग गर्न सिकाउने ज्ञानलाई वित्तीय शिक्षा वा वित्तीय साक्षरता भनिन्छ।
* नेपालको वर्तमान अवस्था: नेपालमा करिब १८ प्रतिशत मानिसमा मात्र वित्तीय साक्षरता पुगेको छ। वित्तीय साक्षरताको कमीले गर्दा धेरै मानिसहरू साहु-महाजनको ठगी र उच्च ब्याजदरको मारमा पर्छन्।
* वित्तीय शिक्षाभित्र पर्ने कुराहरू:
* बैंकमा खाता खोल्ने र चलाउने तरिका।
* बैंकबाट ऋण (Loan) लिने र तिर्ने प्रक्रिया।
* धितो (Collateral), ब्याज र बचत सम्बन्धी जानकारी।
* डिजिटल बैंकिङ र बीमा (Insurance) सम्बन्धी ज्ञान।
३. वित्तीय शिक्षाको महत्त्व
* सही बजेट बनाउन: सीमित आम्दानीलाई सही ठाउँमा खर्च र बचत गर्न मद्दत गर्छ।
* ठगीबाट जोगिन: साहु-महाजनको चर्को ब्याज र वित्तीय जोखिमबाट बचाउँछ।
* रेमिट्यान्सको सही प्रयोग: वैदेशिक रोजगारीबाट आएको पैसालाई फजुल खर्च हुन नदिई उत्पादनमूलक क्षेत्रमा लगाउन सिकाउँछ।
* उद्यमशीलता: नयाँ व्यापार वा व्यवसाय सुरु गर्न र ऋणको सही प्रयोग गर्न मद्दत गर्छ।
४. वित्तीय उपकरणहरू (Financial Instruments)
वित्तीय प्रणालीमा पैसाको लेनदेन, व्यापार वा लगानी गर्न प्रयोग गरिने औजारहरूलाई वित्तीय उपकरण भनिन्छ। मुख्य वित्तीय उपकरणहरू तल दिइएका छन्:
क) मुद्रा (Currency)
* मुद्रा भनेको वस्तु तथा सेवा खरिद-बिक्री गर्ने वा विनिमय गर्ने माध्यम हो।
* नेपालमा नोट निष्कासन र मुद्रा व्यवस्थापनको काम केन्द्रीय बैंक अर्थात् नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंकले गर्छ।
* सफा नोट नीति (Clean Note Policy): नोटमा कोर्ने, कोर Ferr/स्टिच लगाउने गर्दा नोट चाँडै फाट्छ र राज्यको खर्च बढ्छ। त्यसैले नोटलाई सफा र सुरक्षित राख्नु हरेक नागरिकको कर्तव्य हो।
ख) बैंक कर्जा / ऋण (Bank Loan)
* कुनै व्यापार, अध्ययन वा घर निर्माणका लागि बैंक वा वित्तीय संस्थाबाट लिइने रकमलाई बैंक कर्जा भनिन्छ।
* धितो (Collateral): बैंकबाट ऋण लिँदा आफ्नो घर, जग्गा, सुन आदि सम्पत्ति धितोको रूपमा राख्नुपर्छ। (सरकारले हाल शैक्षिक प्रमाणपत्र धितो राखेर पनि ऋण दिने व्यवस्था गरेको छ।)
* ध्यान दिनुपर्ने कुरा: तोकिएको समयमा ऋण र ब्याज नतिरेमा जरिबाना लाग्छ, धितो लिलाम हुन सक्छ र मानिस कालोसूची (Blacklist) मा पर्न सक्छ।
परीक्षाका लागि सम्झनुपर्ने मुख्य बुँदाहरू:
* वित्त: पैसाको व्यवस्थापन।
* वित्तीय शिक्षा: पैसाको सही प्रयोग र बचत गर्ने ज्ञान।
* मुद्राको संरक्षक: नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक।
* ऋण लिँदा ध्यान दिनुपर्ने: समयमै ब्याज र सावाँ भुक्तानी गर्ने।
धितोपत्र (Securities) भनेको कम्पनी वा सरकारले पुँजी जुटाउन जारी गर्ने आर्थिक साधन हो, जसले लगानीकर्तालाई स्वामित्व वा ऋणसम्बन्धी अधिकार प्रदान गर्छ।
ReplyDelete### धितोपत्रका मुख्य प्रकार
* सेयर (Share): कम्पनीको स्वामित्वको हिस्सा।
* ऋणपत्र (Debenture/Bond): कम्पनी वा सरकारले ऋण उठाउन जारी गर्ने साधन।
* म्युचुअल फन्ड (Mutual Fund): धेरै लगानीकर्ताको पैसा संकलन गरी विभिन्न क्षेत्रमा लगानी गर्ने कोषको एकाइ।
उदाहरण: कुनै कम्पनीले सर्वसाधारणलाई सेयर जारी गर्छ भने त्यस सेयरलाई धितोपत्र भनिन्छ।
### d. What do you think is the moral of the story?
ReplyDeleteThe moral of the story is that greed can lead to destruction. People sometimes take great risks to get money and treasure. In the story, Evan and Hooker brutally killed a Chinese man to get the hidden treasure. This shows that greed can make people selfish and cruel.
At the end of the story, both Evan and Hooker were poisoned. This shows that greed can bring suffering and death. Therefore, we should not be too greedy for money and wealth. We should be happy with what we have and focus on our dreams without harming others.
1. Interpret the story as a mystery story.
ReplyDeleteThe story “The Treasures in the Forest” is full of mystery. The story has fine descriptions of its mysterious setting and characters. It has a fine plot with various twists in characters' situations.It’s hard for a reader to predict what is going to happen next. The story is about two treasure hunters, Evans and Hooker who seek to find the hidden treasures in the forest left behind by a shipwrecked h4ish galleon. Some mysterious events are : Hooker murder Chang-hi, a Chinese man to steal the treasure map. Chang-hi grins at them when he gets murdered. They travel by canoe sailing towards the coral island. However, neither of them understands the intention behind it. The fearful surroundings of the forest and the final painful death of the characters create a kind of suspense among the readers. The poisonous thorns appear out to be the main cause of the death of the characters. All these things prove this story as a mystery story.
1. How is the title ‘A Sunny Morning’ justifiable? Discuss.
ReplyDeleteThis play is set in a park in Madrid, Spain on a sunny morning. In this setting, the entire play has been presented. A sunny morning has provided an ideal setting for a reunion of two former lovers in their golden years. They argue, know each other, conceal their identities, admire, tell fabricated stories about their deaths, prefer to meet again the next sunny morning, and so on. From start to finish, the entire play continues to make us laugh hysterically while remaining in this setting of a sunny morning. As a result, the title 'A Sunny Morning' is quite appropriate, as it depicts a reconciliation of former lovers in a park with great humour.
2. Was it wise for Dona Laura and Don Gonzalo to keep their identities secret? How might their secrets affect future meetings?
ReplyDeleteYes, it was wise for Dona Laura and Don to keep their identities secret. At the age of seventy, they both realized that they were former lovers who separated due to their ill-fate. But, they did a good job of not revealing their real identities. Both of them were quite old with weak physical conditions. They were not happy due to their old looks. At this age, the revelation of their reality would be vain. They thought it better to hide their identities and pretend to be unfamiliar. They chose the best way to enjoy their sweet youthful memories through fake means. Their secrets might affect them in their future meetings if they keep on lying in such a way. There was a high risk of the revelation of secrets due to their old age. If they reveal their realities unknowingly, they won't get to meet with each other in their upcoming future. Hence, it was wise for them to keep their identities secret.
Reference to the context
ReplyDeletea. Look at the extract below and answer the questions that follow:
“Yes, you are only twenty. (She sits down on the bench.) Oh, I feel more tired today than usual. (Noticing Petra, who seems impatient.) Go, if you wish to chat with your guard.”
i. Who is the speaker?
Dona Laura is the speaker.
ii. Who does ‘you’ refer to?
'You' refers to Dona Laura's maid Petra.
iii. Who is the ‘guard’ the speaker is talking to?
The 'guard' is the 'park's guard' the speaker is talking to.
b. Read the extract dialogue from the play and answer the questions that follow:
DONA LAURA: (Indignantly.) Look out!
DON GONZALO: Are you speaking to me, senora?
DONA LAURA: Yes, to you.
DON GONZALO: What do you wish?
DONA LAURA: You have scared away the birds who were feeding on my crumbs.
DON GONZALO: What do I care about the birds?
DONA LAURA: But I do.
DON GONZALO: This is a public park.
c. Who is Dona addressing by saying “Look out”?
Dona is addressing Don Gonzalo by saying "Look out"
d. What was Dona doing?
Dona was feeding breadcrumbs to pigeons in the park.
e. Who scared the birds? Are they pet birds?
Don Gonzalo scared the birds. No, they aren't pet birds.
The story “Old Homes” by Lu Xun
ReplyDelete1. The Narrator – He returns to his hometown after many years. He feels sad to see the changes in his old home and the people he once knew.
2. Runtu – He is the narrator’s childhood friend. He was once lively and cheerful but has become poor and tired because of the hardships of life.
3. Yang Ersao – She is a woman from the narrator’s hometown, also known as the “Tofu Beauty.” She has changed greatly over the years and represents the negative effects of poverty and social conditions.
4. Hong’er – He is the narrator’s young nephew. He represents the younger generation and the hope for a better future.
5. Shuisheng – He is Runtu’s young son. He represents the next generation of rural people.
Main idea: The story shows how time, poverty, and social inequality change people and their relationships. It also expresses the narrator’s hope for a better future for the younger generation.
Wish
ReplyDeleteAuthor: Roald Dahl
The short story The Wish is written by Roald Dahl. It is about a little boy who uses his imagination to overcome his fear. The story shows how a child's imagination can turn an ordinary situation into an exciting adventure.
The story begins with a little boy who removes a scab from his knee and throws it away. It lands on a colourful carpet in the hall of his house. The carpet has red, black, and yellow patterns.
The boy imagines that the red parts of the carpet are burning coals and the black parts are dangerous snakes. He thinks that the yellow parts are safe. He makes a game of crossing the carpet without touching the red or black parts. He believes that if he reaches the front door safely, he will get a puppy as a reward.
At first, the boy moves carefully and successfully across the carpet. However, he suddenly loses his balance and puts his hand on a black part, which he imagines is a snake. He becomes frightened and cries out.
At the end of the story, his mother is shown looking for him behind the house. This mysterious ending makes readers wonder what really happened to the boy. Some readers believe that the boy was only playing an imaginative game on the carpet, while others think that he might have been facing a real danger.
The story mainly deals with imagination, fear, courage, and self-confidence. The boy tries to overcome his fear through his imagination. Although he wants a puppy, his main motivation seems to be the challenge of reaching the other side safely. The story also shows how powerfully children can imagine things and how their imagination can make ordinary situations seem real and frightening.
“The Wish”
ReplyDeleteThe central idea of the short story The Wish by Roald Dahl is the power of a child's imagination and the struggle to overcome fear. The story shows how a little boy imagines the colourful carpet as a dangerous place full of burning coals and poisonous snakes. He tries to cross it safely by walking only on the yellow parts. Through this imaginative game, the story presents the child's courage, self-confidence, and desire to face challenges. It also shows how imagination can make ordinary things seem real and frightening.
नेपालको एकीकरण आधुनिक नेपाल निर्माणको एक ऐतिहासिक र दूरगामी अभियान हो। १८ औँ शताब्दीभन्दा अघि वर्तमान नेपालको भू-भाग साना-साना राज्यहरू जस्तै—काठमाडौँ उपत्यकाका ३ मल्ल राज्यहरू (कान्तिपुर, पाटन, भक्तपुर), २४ सेती-गण्डकी क्षेत्रका चौबिसी राज्यहरू, २२ कर्णाली क्षेत्रका बाइसे राज्यहरू र पूर्वका सेन तथा किरात राज्यहरूमा विभाजित थियो।
ReplyDeleteयो भौगोलिक तथा राजनीतिक विभाजनलाई समाप्त गरी एउटा बलियो र एकीकृत राष्ट्र निर्माण गर्ने उद्देश्यले वि.सं. १८०१ (सन् १७४४) मा गोरखाका राजा पृथ्वीनारायण शाहले नुवाकोटमाथि विजय हासिल गरेर एकीकरण अभियानको औपचारिक सुरुआत गरेका थिए।
नेपाल एकीकरणका प्रमुख चरणहरू
* नुवाकोट विजय (वि.सं. १८०१):
काठमाडौँ उपत्यका छिर्ने र तिब्बतसँग व्यापार गर्ने मुख्य नाका मानिएको नुवाकोटमाथि गोरखाली सेनाले दोस्रो प्रयासमा सफलता हासिल गर्यो।
* उपत्यका नाकाबन्दी र मकवानपुर विजय (वि.सं. १८१९):
दक्षिणबाट आउने बाटो बन्द गर्न र आर्थिक रूपमा बलियो हुन गोरखाले मकवानपुरमाथि विजय प्राप्त गर्यो। साथै, मीर कासिमको बङ्गाली सेना र अङ्ग्रेजको क्याप्टेन किन्लोकको सेनालाई पराजित गरी बाह्य हस्तक्षेप असफल बनाइयो।
* काठमाडौँ उपत्यका विजय (वि.सं. १८२५–१८२६):
लामो नाकाबन्दी र कीर्तिपुरको कठिन युद्धपछि गोरखाली सेनाले क्रमशः कान्तिपुर, पाटन र भक्तपुरमाथि अधिकार जमायो। यससँगै काठमाडौँलाई एकीकृत नेपालको राजधानी घोषणा गरियो।
* पूर्वी क्षेत्रको एकीकरण:
उपत्यका विजयपछि पूर्वतर्फका किराँत क्षेत्रहरू (चौदण्डी र विजयपुर) लाई विशाल नेपालमा गाभियो।
* पृथ्वीनारायण शाह पछिको विस्तार (पश्चिम तथा विशाल नेपाल):
वि.सं. १८३१ मा पृथ्वीनारायण शाहको निधनपछि रानी राजेन्द्रलक्ष्मी र बहादुर शाहको नेतृत्वमा एकीकरण अभियान पश्चिमतिर फैलियो। बाइसे-चौबिसी राज्यहरू जित्दै नेपाली सेना पश्चिममा कुमाऊँ, गढवाल हुँदै काँगडासम्म र पूर्वमा टिस्टा नदीसम्म पुगेर विशाल नेपाल (Greater Nepal) को निर्माण भयो।
* सुगौली सन्धि (वि.सं. १८७२ / सन् १८१६):
नेपाल-अङ्ग्रेज युद्धपछि सन् १८१६ मा भएको सुगौली सन्धिले नेपालको सिमाना पूर्वमा मेची र पश्चिममा महाकाली नदीमा सीमित गर्यो, जुन हालको नेपालको भौगोलिक स्वरूप हो।
एकीकरणका प्रमुख व्यक्तित्वहरू
* नेतृत्वकर्ताहरू: पृथ्वीनारायण शाह, रानी राजेन्द्रलक्ष्मी, बहादुर शाह।
* सेनानायक तथा भारदारहरू: काजी कालु पाँडे, शिवराम सिंह बस्न्यात, वंशराज पाँडे, अभिमान सिंह बस्न्यात, भक्ति थापा, अमरसिंह थापा, भीमसेन थापा आदि।
एकीकरणको महत्त्व
* सार्वभौमसत्ताको रक्षा: त्यतिबेला भारतमा तीव्र रूपमा फैलिरहेको बेलायती साम्राज्य (British East India Company) को उपनिवेश हुनबाट नेपाल जोगियो।
* राष्ट्रिय एकता: विविधतायुक्त जातजाति, भाषा र संस्कृतिलाई एउटै राष्ट्रिय ढाँचामा जोड्ने आधार तयार भयो।
Central Idea of “Old Home” by Lu Xun
ReplyDeleteThe story “Old Home” by Lu Xun presents the painful changes in rural society and the effects of poverty and social inequality. The narrator returns to his old home after many years and remembers his childhood friend Runtu. In childhood, Runtu was energetic, innocent, and close to him. However, after many years, poverty and social hardship have changed Runtu into a tired and distant man.
The story shows that poverty, social discrimination, and traditional social divisions can destroy childhood friendship and human relationships. It also expresses the narrator’s hope for a better future, especially for the younger generation.
In short: The central idea of Old Home is the loss of childhood memories and relationships due to poverty, social inequality, and changing society, along with hope for a better future.
Go one step deeper
Main themes and symbols
My Old Home – Summary
ReplyDelete“My Old Home” is a short story written by Lu Xun. The story is about the narrator’s return to his old home after many years. It shows the difference between memories and reality, and the social and economic differences between people.
The narrator returns to his village after being away for about twenty years. When he sees his old home, he feels surprised and sad because it is old and broken. He remembers it as a beautiful and wonderful place. He realizes that his childhood memories had made his old home seem more beautiful than it really was.
The narrator also remembers his childhood friend Jun-Tu. When they were children, they had spent happy times together. Jun-Tu was a poor boy who lived near the sea. He had told the narrator many interesting stories about the sea and his life. The narrator greatly admired him and considered him his close friend.
After more than thirty years, the narrator meets Jun-Tu again. However, Jun-Tu has changed greatly. He has become a poor and tired farmer with many family responsibilities. Instead of treating the narrator as his childhood friend, Jun-Tu calls him “Master.” This makes the narrator sad because it shows the social and class differences between them.
The narrator realizes that their childhood friendship was affected by the unequal social system. As children, they did not understand class differences, but as adults, these differences have created a large gap between them.
At the end, the narrator thinks about the future. He hopes that the next generation will have a better life and will not suffer from the same social divisions. He believes that people should create their own future through their efforts.
Thus, “My Old Home” presents the themes of memory and reality, poverty, social inequality, class differences, and hope for a better future.
Certainly. For TU BBS 1st Year Business English (MGT 201), here is a step-by-step exam preparation plan based on the syllabus you shared.
ReplyDeleteStep 1: Grammar & Writing Mechanics — 15 marks
Study these topics first:
1. Sentence structure
2. Nouns
3. Pronouns
4. Verbs
5. Tenses
6. Subject–verb agreement
7. Modifiers
8. Prepositions
9. Conjunctions
10. Punctuation
11. Capitalization
12. Numbers
Practice: Fill in the blanks, correction, transformation, and multiple-choice questions.
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Step 2: Using the Business Language — 5 marks
Study:
Language and meaning
Language, society and culture
Functions of language
Stylistic features
Effective use of language
Strong words
Coherent paragraphs
Commonly confused words
Practice: Short-answer and vocabulary-based questions.
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Step 3: Business Vocabulary — 5 marks
Focus on:
Business terminology
Business-related vocabulary
Idioms and expressions
Words used in business communication
Vocabulary used in speaking and writing
Practice:
Word → Meaning → Example sentence
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Step 4: Functional English Language Texts — 10 marks
Here you should learn how English is used in real business and professional situations.
Focus on:
Understanding the text
Important vocabulary
Main ideas
Specific information
Short-answer questions
Language functions
Exam strategy: Read each prescribed text carefully and prepare 5–10 important questions and answers from each.
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Step 5: Reading for Writing — 10 marks
Develop these skills:
Reading for main ideas
Finding supporting details
Understanding vocabulary from context
Critical reading
Identifying the writer's purpose
Connecting reading with writing
Practice: Read a passage and answer questions based on it.
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Step 6: Reading Strategies & Writing Process — 25 marks ⭐
This is an important section because it carries 25 marks.
Study:
1. Critical reading
2. Note-making
3. Summarizing
4. Invention
5. Arrangement
6. Drafting
7. Revising
8. Editing
9. Proofreading
10. Paragraph writing
You should especially practice:
Reading → Notes → Summary → Paragraph
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Step 7: Patterns of Writing — 30 marks ⭐⭐⭐
This is the highest-mark section, so give it substantial practice.
Learn these six patterns:
1. Narration – telling a story or describing events
2. Description – describing a person, place, thing or situation
3. Cause and Effect – explaining reasons and results
4. Comparison and Contrast – showing similarities and differences
5. Definition – explaining the meaning or nature of something
6. Argumentation – presenting an argument with reasons and evidence
For each pattern, learn:
Definition → Structure → Useful expressions → Example → Practice question
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Recommended Study Order
For efficient preparation, I suggest:
1. Grammar — 15 marks
↓
2. Business Vocabulary — 5 marks
↓
3. Business Language — 5 marks
↓
4. Functional English — 10 marks
↓
5. Reading for Writing — 10 marks
↓
6. Reading Strategies & Writing Process — 25 marks
↓
7. Patterns of Writing — 30 marks
1. How does the boy's imagination affect the events in “The Wish”?
ReplyDelete-The boy's imagination controls the whole story. He creates an imaginary game while looking at the red carpet in his house. He imagines that the black patterns on the carpet are dangerous snakes and the red parts are safe places. He believes that if he steps on the black parts, the snakes will bite him.
As he moves across the carpet, he becomes more frightened and careful. His imagination makes the ordinary carpet appear dangerous and real. Finally, when he makes a mistake and steps on a black spot, he imagines that he has been caught by the snakes. The story ends with the boy's mother finding him unconscious.
Thus, the story shows the power of a child's imagination. It also shows how imagination can make ordinary things appear real and frightening.
2. What is the central idea of “The Wish”?
ReplyDeleteThe central idea of “The Wish” is the power of imagination in a child's mind. Roald Dahl presents a young boy who turns an ordinary red carpet into an exciting and frightening imaginary world.
The boy imagines that the black patterns on the carpet are dangerous snakes and that the red parts are safe. He tries to cross the carpet without touching the black areas. As his imagination becomes stronger, he becomes increasingly frightened. Finally, he believes that he has failed in his game and has been attacked.
The story shows that children can become deeply involved in their imaginary worlds. It also suggests that fear can become real in our minds even when there is no actual danger.
3. Describe the boy's game on the carpet.
ReplyDeleteThe boy's game begins when he looks at the red carpet in the hall. He notices its black patterns and imagines that they are poisonous snakes. The red parts of the carpet become safe areas in his imagination.
He decides to cross the carpet without touching the black patterns. He carefully moves from one safe red area to another. He is extremely afraid of touching the black parts because he thinks the imaginary snakes will bite him.
The game becomes more serious as his imagination grows. He concentrates completely on avoiding the black areas. When he finally makes a mistake, he imagines that he has been caught by the snakes. His fear becomes so strong that he loses consciousness.
The game therefore demonstrates the strong imagination and fear of the young boy.
4. What does the story “The Wish” tell us about childhood?
ReplyDelete“The Wish” gives us an interesting picture of childhood imagination. Children often create imaginary worlds from ordinary things around them. They may believe in their games so strongly that imaginary situations seem real.
The boy in the story uses a simple carpet to create a dangerous world of poisonous snakes. He follows the rules of his imaginary game very seriously. He is frightened even though there are no real snakes on the carpet.
The story also shows that children can become completely absorbed in their imagination. Their emotions can be very strong, and fear created by imagination can feel like real fear.
Therefore, the story presents childhood as a period of creativity, imagination, curiosity and strong emotions.
पाठ ६: सहकारी (Cooperative)
ReplyDelete१. सहकारीको परिचय (Introduction)
• शाब्दिक अर्थ: 'सह' (साथै/मिलेर) र 'कारी' (काम गर्ने) मिलेर 'सहकारी' शब्द बनेको हो। अर्थात् धेरै जना एक साथ मिलेर काम गर्नु नै सहकारी हो।
• परिभाषा: समान उद्देश्य र आर्थिक-सामाजिक आवश्यकता भएका व्यक्तिहरू एक ठाउँमा आई सामूहिक रूपमा सञ्चालन गरिने व्यावसायिक संस्था वा सङ्गठनलाई सहकारी भनिन्छ।
• अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय महासङ्घ (ICA - 1895) अनुसार: सहकारी स्वेच्छिक रूपमा एकजुट हुने व्यक्तिहरूको स्वायत्त सङ्गठन हो। यो प्रजातान्त्रिक रूपमा नियन्त्रित व्यवसाय वा संस्था हो, जसले सदस्यहरूको समान पुँजी र समान सहभागिता ("एक सदस्य, एक मत") को सिद्धान्तमा आधारित भई काम गर्दछ।
२. नेपालमा सहकारीको इतिहास (History of Cooperative in Nepal)
• परम्परागत अभ्यास: नेपालमा प्राचीनकालदेखि नै धर्म भकारी, पर्म, गुठी, ढिकुरी जस्ता सामूहिक सहयोगका अभ्यासहरू रहँदै आएका छन्।
• ऐतिहासिक घटनाक्रमहरू:
• वि.सं. २०१०: सहकारी विभागको स्थापना।
• वि.सं. २०१३: नेपालको पहिलो सहकारी संस्था 'बखान ऋण सहकारी समिति' (चितवन) को स्थापना।
• वि.सं. २०१६: पहिलो पटक सहकारी ऐन जारी।
• वि.सं. २०१८: सहकारी नियम बनाइएको।
• वि.सं. २०२०: सहकारी बैंकको स्थापना।
• वि.सं. २०४८: नयाँ सहकारी ऐन जारी।
• वि.सं. २०७४: नयाँ सहकारी ऐन, २०७४ जारी।
• वर्तमान अवस्था: हाल नेपालमा ३१,००० भन्दा बढी सहकारी संस्थाहरू र करिब ६० लाख मानिसहरू यसमा आबद्ध रहेका छन्।
३. सहकारीका मुख्य विशेषताहरू (Features of Cooperative)
१. सहकारी मुनाफाभन्दा सेवामूलक र स्वायत्त संस्था हो। २. समान आवश्यकता र उद्देश्य भएका व्यक्तिहरू मिलेर यसको स्थापना गर्छन्। ३. संस्थाको स्वामित्व सबै सेयर सदस्यहरूमा समान रूपमा हुन्छ। ४. 'एक सदस्य, एक मत' (One Member, One Vote) को सिद्धान्तमा आधारित हुन्छ। ५. सञ्चालक समिति सेयर सदस्यहरूबाट नै प्रजातान्त्रिक विधिद्वारा निर्वाचित हुन्छ। ६. यसले आफ्ना सदस्यहरूको आर्थिक, सामाजिक र सांस्कृतिक उन्नतिमा सहयोग पुर्याउँछ।
ReplyDelete४. सहकारीका सात सिद्धान्तहरू (Principles of Cooperative)
१. स्वेच्छिक तथा खुला सदस्यता: कुनै पनि जात, धर्म, लिङ्ग वा राजनीतिक विचारका आधारमा भेदभाव नगरी सदस्यता खुला रहन्छ। २. सदस्यहरूद्वारा प्रजातान्त्रिक नियन्त्रण: सदस्यहरूले आफैं नीति निर्माण र निर्णय प्रक्रियामा भाग लिन्छन्। ३. सदस्यहरूको आर्थिक सहभागिता: सबै सदस्यले समान रूपमा पुँजी संकलन र उपयोग गर्छन्। ४. स्वायत्तता र स्वतन्त्रता: सहकारी संस्था आफैंमा नियन्त्रण र सञ्चालन हुने स्वायत्त संस्था हो। ५. शिक्षा, तालिम र सूचना: सदस्य, सञ्चालक तथा कर्मचारीलाई नियमित तालिम र सूचना प्रदान गरिन्छ। ६. अन्तर-सहकारी सहयोग: स्थानीय, राष्ट्रिय र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्तरका सहकारीहरूसँग सहकार्य गरिन्छ। ७. समुदायप्रति चासो: सहकारीले आफ्नो समुदायको दिगो विकासका लागि काम गर्दछ।
५. सहकारीको आवश्यकता र महत्त्व (Need and Importance of Cooperative)
• पुँजी परिचालन: सानो-सानो बचतलाई एकीकृत गरी उत्पादनमूलक क्षेत्रमा लगानी गर्न।
• गरीबी निवारण: साना तथा घरेलु उद्योग, कृषि र पशुपालनमा कर्जा उपलब्ध गराई आत्मनिर्भर बनाउन र गरीबी घटाउन।
• रोजगारी सिर्जना: स्थानीय स्तरमा कृषि, व्यापार र साना व्यवसायमार्फत स्वरोजगार तथा रोजगारीका अवसर सिर्जना गर्न।
• शोषित हुनबाट बचत: गाउँघरका साहु-महाजनको चोको ब्याज र आर्थिक शोषणबाट सर्वसाधारणलाई जोगाउन।
• सामाजिक एकता र सहयोग: सामूहिक भावना, आपसी सहयोग, आत्मनिर्भरता र सामाजिक भाइचारा अभिवृद्धि गर्न।
६. नेपालमा सहकारीका समस्याहरू र समाधानका उपायहरू
अ. प्रमुख समस्याहरू (Problems):
• ऋण प्रवाह र सङ्कलन व्यवस्थित नहुनु तथा भाखा नाघेको ऋण बढ्दै जानु।
• सञ्चालकहरूले व्यक्तिगत स्वार्थ, आफन्त वा घर-जग्गा जस्ता जोखिमपूर्ण क्षेत्रमा अनुचित लगानी गर्नु।
• साधारण सभा तथा सर्वसाधारण सदस्यको रकम बिना धितो वा कमजोर धितोमा अपचलन हुनु।
• आर्थिक कारोबारको नियमित र निष्पक्ष लेखापरीक्षण (Audit) नगर्नु।
• सञ्चालक र कर्मचारीहरूमा वित्तीय हिनामिना वा ठगी गर्ने प्रवृत्ति देखिनु।
आ. समाधानका उपायहरू (Solution Measures):
• सहकारी ऐन र नियमको कडा पालना: ऐन नियम अनुसार काम नगर्ने र रकम अपचलन गर्ने सञ्चालकहरूलाई कडा कानुनी कारबाही गर्ने।
• नियमन र अनुगमन: सहकारी संस्थाहरूको नियमित र प्रभावकारी अनुगमन/निरीक्षण गर्ने व्यवस्था मिलाउने।
• तालिम र चेतना: सदस्य तथा सञ्चालकहरूलाई वित्तीय साक्षरता, सुशासन र सहकारी सिद्धान्तसम्बन्धी तालिम प्रदान गर्ने।
• पारदर्शिता र लेखापरीक्षण: संस्थाको वित्तीय कारोबारको नियमित, निष्पक्ष र पारदर्शी लेखापरीक्षण गराउने।
• सुरक्षित लगानी: उत्पादनमूलक र सुरक्षित क्षेत्रमा मात्र ऋण लगानी गर्ने नीति लिने।
७. नेपालमा सहकारीको उपयोग र जीवन पद्धतिमा प्रभाव (Effects on Lifestyle in Nepal)
• ग्रामीण जीवनस्तरमा सुधार: कृषि, पशुपालन, चिया, कफी तथा साना उद्योगमा सहयोग पुर्याई किसानहरूको आम्दानी बढाएको छ।
• बचत गर्ने बानीको विकास: साना बचतकर्ता, गरिब तथा निमुखा जनतालाई बचत गर्न र आपतकालीन समयमा सजिलै ऋण लिन सघाएको छ।
• महिला तथा सीमान्तकृत वर्गको सशक्तिकरण: घरेलु तथा साना उद्योगमार्फत महिला र ग्रामीण भेगका मानिसहरूलाई उद्यमी र आत्मनिर्भर बनाएको छ।
ReplyDelete1. Ram said, “I am reading a book.”
2. Sita said to me, “Have you completed your homework?”
3. The teacher said to the students, “Work hard for the examination.”
4. He said, “What a beautiful flower it is!”
5. Mother said to me, “May you succeed in your life.”
6. Hari said, “I have finished my work."
7. The policeman said to the driver, “Do not drive so fast.”
8. She said to me, “Where are you going?”
9. The boy said, “Alas! I have lost my wallet.”
10. The principal said to the students, “You must obey the school rules.”
B. Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronouns and identify the clauses
ReplyDeletea. That’s the house where I was born.
→ Defining relative clause
b. My aunt Nita, who is a journalist, is coming to visit next week.
→ Non-defining relative clause
c. People who like outdoor activities will love our holidays.
→ Defining relative clause
d. The early 1960s, when the Beatles first started, was a very exciting time in pop culture.
→ Non-defining relative clause
e. My essay on Shakespeare, which I found quite difficult, got a really good mark in the end.
→ Non-defining relative clause
f. The Mayans, who lived in Central America, built many stunning temples.
→ Non-defining relative clause
g. That’s the girl whose brother is in your class.
→ Defining relative clause
h. The snake that was in the garden last week belongs to our next-door neighbor.
→ Defining relative clause
C. Join the sentences using appropriate relative clauses
a. He is a musician. His albums have sold millions.
He is a musician whose albums have sold millions.
b. Amelia speaks English and Chinese fluently. She is from Shanghai.
Amelia, who is from Shanghai, speaks English and Chinese fluently.
c. That’s the stadium. Real Madrid plays there.
That’s the stadium where Real Madrid plays there.
That’s the stadium where Real Madrid plays.
Rule: When where is used, do not use there.
d. Dublin is my favourite city. It is the capital of Ireland.
Dublin is my favourite city which is the capital of Ireland.
Dublin, which is the capital of Ireland, is my favourite city.
Rule: Use commas because Dublin is a specific/proper noun and the information is additional.
e. The person was really helpful. They spoke to him.
The person to whom they spoke was really helpful.
Alternative: The person who they spoke to was really helpful.
f. This smartphone takes great photos. I bought it last week.
This smartphone takes great photos which I bought it last week.
This smartphone, which I bought last week, takes great photos.
Rule: Do not use it after which because which already replaces it.
Important Relative Pronoun Rules
Relative wordUseExamplewhopeopleThe man who lives here is a teacher.whompeople as object/formalThe man whom I met was kind.whosepossessionThe girl whose father is a doctor won.whichthings/animalsThe book which I bought is useful.thatpeople/things in defining clausesThe book that I bought is useful.whereplaceThis is the school where I studied.whentime2020 was the year when I graduated.
Remember:
• Defining: essential information → no commas.
• Non-defining: extra information → use commas.
• That is normally not used in non-defining clauses.
Practice the same rules with new examples
A defining clause and a non-defining clause are types of relative clauses. They usually begin with who, which, that, whose, or where.
ReplyDelete1. Defining relative clause
A defining clause gives essential information about the noun. Without it, we may not know exactly which person or thing is meant.
Example:
The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister.
→ “who is wearing a red dress” tells us which girl.
Rules: No commas are used. That can often replace who or which.
The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.
Students who work hard usually do well.
2. Non-defining relative clause
A non-defining clause gives extra, non-essential information. If we remove it, the main sentence still identifies the person or thing clearly.
Example:
My sister, who is wearing a red dress, is a doctor.
→ We already know who “my sister” is; the clause just adds extra information.
Rules: Use commas around the clause. We normally cannot use “that” in a non-defining relative clause.
London, which is the capital of England, is a large city.
My father, who works at a bank, is 50 years old.
Easy way to remember
Defining = necessary information → no commas
Non-defining = extra information → commas
Compare:
The students who studied passed the exam. → Only the students who studied passed.
The students, who studied, passed the exam. → The clause suggests the students all studied; “who studied” is extra information.
प्रश्न: “सहकारीको विकासले मात्रै नेपालको कृषि क्षेत्रको विकास सम्भव छ।” यस भनाइलाई एक वाक्यमा पुष्टि गर्नुहोस्।
ReplyDeleteउत्तर: सहकारी संस्थाले किसानलाई पूँजी, कृषि सामग्री, आधुनिक प्रविधि तथा बजारको सहज पहुँच उपलब्ध गराउने भएकाले नेपालको कृषि क्षेत्रको विकास सम्भव हुन्छ।
प्रश्न: सहकारीको महत्त्व दर्शाउँदै आफ्नो दिदीलाई एउटा पत्र लेख्नुहोस्।
ReplyDeleteउत्तर:
काठमाडौं, नेपाल
मिति: २०८३/०६/१२
प्रिय दिदी,
सादर नमस्कार।
म यहाँ आरामै छु। तपाईं पनि आरामै हुनुहुन्छ भन्ने आशा गरेको छु। आज म तपाईंलाई सहकारीको महत्त्व बारे केही कुरा लेख्दै छु।
सहकारीले मानिसहरूलाई एकजुट गरी बचत गर्ने, आवश्यक पर्दा ऋण लिने तथा उत्पादनमूलक कार्यमा लगानी गर्ने अवसर प्रदान गर्छ। यसले किसानलाई बीउ, मल, कृषि सामग्री, प्रविधि तथा बजारको सुविधा उपलब्ध गराउन सहयोग गर्छ। सहकारीबाट रोजगारी सिर्जना हुनुका साथै स्थानीय स्रोत–साधनको उपयोग र आर्थिक विकासमा पनि योगदान पुग्छ। त्यसैले व्यक्ति, परिवार तथा समाजको आर्थिक अवस्था सुधार गर्न सहकारीको महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका हुन्छ।
त्यसैले दिदी, तपाईं पनि विश्वसनीय सहकारीमा आबद्ध भई नियमित बचत गर्ने र प्राप्त रकमलाई उत्पादनमूलक कार्यमा प्रयोग गर्ने गर्नुहोला।
आजलाई यति नै। घरका सबैलाई मेरो नमस्कार सुनाइदिनुहोला।
उही तपाईंको भाइ,
सफल कार्की
प्रश्न: सहकारीका विशेषता उल्लेख गर्दै मुलुकको आर्थिक विकासमा यसले पुर्याउने योगदानबारे स्पष्ट पार्नुहोस्।
ReplyDeleteउत्तर:
सहकारीका प्रमुख विशेषताहरू:
१. सदस्यहरूको स्वेच्छिक सहभागिता हुन्छ।
२. समानता र लोकतान्त्रिक ढङ्गले सञ्चालन हुन्छ।
३. सदस्यहरूमा बचत गर्ने बानीको विकास गर्छ।
४. सामूहिक हित र आत्मनिर्भरतामा जोड दिन्छ।
५. सदस्यलाई आवश्यकताअनुसार ऋण तथा अन्य सेवा उपलब्ध गराउँछ।
६. नाफाभन्दा सदस्यहरूको आर्थिक तथा सामाजिक हितलाई प्राथमिकता दिन्छ।
आर्थिक विकासमा सहकारीको योगदान:
सहकारीले छरिएर रहेको पुँजीलाई एकत्रित गरी उत्पादनमूलक क्षेत्रमा लगानी गर्न सहयोग गर्छ। यसले कृषि, उद्योग तथा व्यवसायमा लगानी बढाउनुका साथै रोजगारी सिर्जना गर्छ। किसानलाई बीउ, मल, प्रविधि, ऋण र बजारको सुविधा उपलब्ध गराएर कृषि उत्पादन र उत्पादकत्व बढाउन सहयोग पुर्याउँछ। साथै, स्थानीय स्रोत–साधनको परिचालन, गरिबी न्यूनीकरण, उद्यमशीलताको विकास र आयआर्जनका अवसर विस्तार गरी मुलुकको समग्र आर्थिक विकासमा योगदान पुर्याउँछ।
प्रश्न: सहकारी संस्थाप्रति सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण विकास गर्न स्वयं सहकारीका सदस्य र स्थानीय तहले खेल्नुपर्ने भूमिका सुझाउनुहोस्।
ReplyDeleteउत्तर:
सहकारी संस्थाप्रति सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण विकास गर्न सहकारीका सदस्य र स्थानीय तहले निम्न भूमिका खेल्नुपर्छ।
सहकारीका सदस्यले खेल्नुपर्ने भूमिका:
१. सहकारीको नियम तथा नीतिको पालना गर्ने।
२. नियमित रूपमा बचत गर्ने र ऋणको सदुपयोग गरी समयमै भुक्तानी गर्ने।
३. सहकारीको आर्थिक कारोबारमा पारदर्शिता र इमानदारी कायम गर्ने।
४. सहकारीको बैठक तथा कार्यक्रमहरूमा सक्रिय सहभागिता जनाउने।
५. सहकारीको अनुगमन तथा सुधारमा सहयोग गर्ने।
स्थानीय तहले खेल्नुपर्ने भूमिका:
१. सहकारी संस्थाको प्रभावकारी अनुगमन तथा नियमन गर्ने।
२. सहकारीसम्बन्धी तालिम तथा जनचेतनामूलक कार्यक्रम सञ्चालन गर्ने।
३. सहकारीलाई उत्पादनमूलक क्षेत्रमा लगानी गर्न प्रोत्साहन गर्ने।
४. सहकारीमा सुशासन, पारदर्शिता र जवाफदेहिता कायम गर्न सहयोग गर्ने।
५. राम्रो काम गर्ने सहकारीलाई प्रोत्साहन तथा आवश्यक सहयोग उपलब्ध गराउने।
यसरी सदस्यको सक्रिय सहभागिता र स्थानीय तहको प्रभावकारी नियमन तथा सहयोग भएमा सहकारीप्रति जनताको विश्वास र सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण विकास गर्न सकिन्छ।
प्रश्न: सहकारीले ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा रोजगारी सिर्जना गर्न कसरी भूमिका खेल्छ, एक वाक्यमा लेख्नुहोस्।
ReplyDeleteउत्तर: सहकारीले स्थानीय स्रोत–साधनमा आधारित कृषि, पशुपालन, उद्योग तथा विभिन्न व्यवसायमा लगानी गरी ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा रोजगारीका अवसर सिर्जना गर्छ।
प्रश्न: सहकारीका विशेषता उल्लेख गर्दै मुलुकको आर्थिक विकासमा यसले पुर्याउने योगदानबारे स्पष्ट पार्नुहोस्।
ReplyDeleteउत्तर:
सहकारीको परिचय:
सहकारी भनेको समान आर्थिक तथा सामाजिक आवश्यकता भएका व्यक्तिहरू स्वेच्छिक रूपमा संगठित भई सामूहिक हित र आर्थिक विकासका लागि सञ्चालन गर्ने संस्था हो। यसले सदस्यहरूमा बचत गर्ने बानीको विकास गरी आवश्यक पर्दा ऋण तथा अन्य आर्थिक सेवा उपलब्ध गराउँछ।
सहकारीका प्रमुख विशेषताहरू:
१. सदस्यहरूको स्वेच्छिक सहभागिता हुन्छ।
२. समानता र लोकतान्त्रिक ढङ्गले सञ्चालन हुन्छ।
३. सदस्यहरूमा बचत गर्ने बानीको विकास गर्छ।
४. सामूहिक हित र आत्मनिर्भरतामा जोड दिन्छ।
५. सदस्यलाई आवश्यकताअनुसार ऋण तथा अन्य सेवा उपलब्ध गराउँछ।
६. सदस्यहरूको आर्थिक तथा सामाजिक हितलाई प्राथमिकता दिन्छ।
मुलुकको आर्थिक विकासमा सहकारीको योगदान:
सहकारीले छरिएर रहेको पुँजीलाई एकत्रित गरी उत्पादनमूलक क्षेत्रमा लगानी गर्न सहयोग गर्छ। यसले कृषि, उद्योग तथा व्यवसायमा लगानी बढाउनुका साथै रोजगारी सिर्जना गर्छ। किसानलाई बीउ, मल, प्रविधि, ऋण र बजारको सुविधा उपलब्ध गराएर कृषि उत्पादन र उत्पादकत्व बढाउन सहयोग पुर्याउँछ। साथै, स्थानीय स्रोत–साधनको परिचालन, गरिबी न्यूनीकरण, उद्यमशीलताको विकास र आयआर्जनका अवसर विस्तार गरी मुलुकको समग्र आर्थिक विकासमा योगदान पुर्याउँछ।
निष्कर्ष:
यसरी सहकारीले सामूहिक प्रयासमार्फत पूँजी परिचालन, उत्पादन वृद्धि, रोजगारी सिर्जना र आत्मनिर्भरता बढाई मुलुकको आर्थिक विकासमा महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान पुर्याउँछ।
अति छोटो उत्तर आउने प्रश्नहरू (Very Short Answer Questions):
ReplyDeleteक. वित्त भनेको के हो?
उत्तर: पैसा, बजेट, लगानी तथा वित्तीय स्रोत-साधनहरूको व्यवस्थापन गर्ने प्रणालीलाई वित्त (Finance) भनिन्छ।
ख. वित्तीय शिक्षाको अर्थ बताउनुहोस्।
उत्तर: आम्दानी, बचत, खर्च, लगानी र कर्जाजस्ता वित्तीय विषयहरूका बारेमा ज्ञान तथा सीप हासिल गर्नु नै वित्तीय शिक्षा हो।
ग. वित्तीय शिक्षाका कुनै दुई महत्त्व लेख्नुहोस्।
उत्तर:
१. व्यक्तिलाई बुद्धिमानीपूर्वक पैसाको व्यवस्थापन र बचत गर्न सिकाउनु।
२. अनावश्यक खर्च नियन्त्रण गरी सुरक्षित भविष्य निर्माण गर्न सहयोग पुर्याउनु।
घ. वित्तीय उपकरण भनेको के हो?
उत्तर: वित्तीय कारोबार तथा लेनदेन गर्न प्रयोग गरिने मौद्रिक माध्यम (जस्तै: चेक, सेयर, डिबेन्चर, बैंक ड्राफ्ट आदि) लाई वित्तीय उपकरण भनिन्छ।
ङ. मुद्राको काम एक वाक्यमा लेख्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: मुद्राले वस्तु तथा सेवाको विनिमयको माध्यम, मूल्यको मापक र सञ्चयको साधनका रूपमा काम गर्दछ।
च. नोट किन फोहोर गर्नुहुँदैन? एक वाक्यमा लेख्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: नोट राष्ट्रिय सम्पत्ति भएकाले यसको आयु बढाउन र नयाँ नोट छापाउने अनावश्यक खर्च जोगाउन नोट फोहोर गर्नुहुँदैन।
छ. विदेशी विनिमय भनेको के हो?
उत्तर: एक देशको मुद्रालाई अर्को देशको मुद्रासँग साट्ने वा साटासाट गर्ने प्रक्रियालाई विदेशी विनिमय भनिन्छ।
ज. विदेशी विनिमय दरको अर्थ बताउनुहोस्।
उत्तर: स्वदेशी मुद्रा र विदेशी मुद्राबिच साटासाट गर्दा निर्धारण गरिने मूल्य वा साट्ने दरलाई विदेशी विनिमय दर भनिन्छ।
झ. बैंक ऋण समयमै नतिर्दा हुने कुनै एक नकारात्मक प्रभाव लेख्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: समयमै ऋण नतिर्दा बैंकको ब्याज तथा हर्जाना बढ्छ र व्यक्तिको वित्तीय साख (Credit Score) खराब हुन्छ।
1. Write a review of book/ film which you have read/ watched recently.
ReplyDeleteFilm Review: Kabaddi
Film: Kabaddi
Director: Ram Babu Gurung
Genre: Comedy / Romance / Drama
Language: Nepali
Release Year: 2014
Kabaddi is a popular Nepali film directed by Ram Babu Gurung. The film features Dayahang Rai, Nischal Basnet, Rishma Gurung and Rajan Khatiwada in important roles. It combines comedy, romance and social themes.
The story revolves around Kaji, a young man living in Mustang who wants to marry Maiya. However, Maiya does not love him. Kaji tries several ways to win her heart, but his attempts create many humorous situations. The arrival of a new person in the village makes the situation even more complicated.
The film presents the lifestyle, culture and beautiful landscapes of the Mustang region. It also deals with themes such as love, friendship, family relationships and traditional society. The natural acting and humorous dialogues make the film entertaining.
I enjoyed Kabaddi because of its realistic characters, comedy and beautiful presentation of Nepali culture. The film is entertaining as well as meaningful. I would recommend it to viewers who enjoy Nepali comedy, romance and social stories.
Rating: 4/5
1. Title
ReplyDeleteWrite the title of the book or film.
2. Basic Information
Book: author, genre, publication year
Film: director, actors, genre, release year
3. Introduction
Give a brief introduction to the book/film and explain what it is generally about.
4. Plot or Content Summary
Briefly describe the main story or events. Avoid giving away the entire story, especially the ending.
5. Main Characters
Mention the important characters and briefly describe their roles.
6. Themes / Main Ideas
Explain the major themes or messages, such as:
love
friendship
family
social problems
courage
poverty
discrimination
human values
7. Your Evaluation
Give your opinion about:
acting/characters
storyline
language
direction
setting
music/cinematography (for a film)
writing style (for a book)
8. Strengths and Weaknesses
Mention what you liked and, if appropriate, what could have been better.
9. Recommendation
Say who you would recommend it to and why.
10. Conclusion
End with your overall impression and optionally give a rating.
1.The woman ______ lives next door is a doctor.
ReplyDelete2.Mr. Sharma, ______ is our English teacher, has written a new book.
3.This is the school ______ I studied for five years.
4. Kathmandu, ______ is the capital city of Nepal, is a beautiful place.
5. I met a student ______ father is a famous businessman.
6.The book ______ you gave me yesterday is very interesting.
7. My brother, ______ works in Pokhara, is coming home tomorrow.
8. 2015 was the year ______ Nepal suffered a devastating earthquake.
9. The students ______ work hard usually get good marks.
10. Mount Everest, ______ is the highest mountain in the world, attracts many climbers.
सामाजिक शिक्षा (धेरै छोटो उत्तर आउने प्रश्नहरू)
ReplyDelete१. LGBTIQ को पूरा रूप लेख।
२. बहुपहिचान किन आवश्यक छ?
३. सामाजिकीकरण भनेको के हो?
४. अपाङ्गतालाई कतिओटा प्रकारमा वर्गीकरण गरिएको छ?
५. दौतरी समूहलाई किन सामाजिकीकरणको माध्यम भनिन्छ?
६. पहिचानको महत्व एक वाक्यमा लेख।
७. सामाजिकीकरणको एक प्रमुख विशेषता उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
८. नेपाललाई विविधतामा एकता भएको देश किन भनिएको हो?
९. सामाजिकीकरणका दुई माध्यमहरू लेख।
१०. सामाजिकीकरणका दुई तत्वहरू लेख।
Full Marks: 30
ReplyDeleteAttempt all the questions.
1. Question Tags — 5 marks
Rewrite the following sentences adding appropriate question tags. [5×1=5]
a. She has completed her assignment, __________?
b. Let’s go for a walk, __________?
c. They hardly know each other, __________?
d. He can speak English fluently, __________?
e. Don’t make a noise, __________?
2. Modals — 5 marks
Choose the correct modal expression from the brackets and complete the sentences. [5×1=5]
a. You __________ have informed me earlier. (should / should have)
b. She __________ have missed the bus. (must / must have)
c. He __________ have won the competition if he had practised harder. (could / could have)
d. They __________ have reached home by now. (must / must have)
e. You __________ have been more careful while driving. (should / should have)
3. Subject–Verb Agreement — 5 marks
Choose the correct form of the verb in brackets. [5×1=5]
a. Neither the students nor the teacher __________ responsible for the mistake. (is/are)
b. Either the principal or the teachers __________ going to attend the programme. (is/are)
c. Neither Ram nor his friends __________ interested in the proposal. (is/are)
d. Each of the students __________ submitted the assignment. (has/have)
e. Mathematics __________ an interesting subject. (is/are)
4. Connectives — 5 marks
Join each pair of sentences using the connective given in brackets. [5×1=5]
a. He was very tired. He continued working. (although)
b. She was ill. She attended the examination. (in spite of)
c. He had all the qualifications. He did not get the job. (despite)
d. The weather was bad. They continued their journey. (even though)
e. He is poor. He is honest. (although)
5. Adverbs of Frequency — 5 marks
Put the adverb in brackets in the correct position. [5×1=5]
a. I go to the library. (often)
b. She has visited Pokhara. (never)
c. My father gets up early in the morning. (always)
d. We go to the cinema. (occasionally)
e. Have you been to Kathmandu? (ever)
6. Determiners and Quantifiers — 5 marks
Choose the correct word from the brackets. [5×1=5]
a. There are __________ students in the classroom. (much/many)
b. I have __________ money left in my wallet. (few/little)
c. __________ student must submit the form. (Each/Every)
d. There are __________ old buildings in this area. (few/little)
e. I don't have __________ time to waste. (many/much)
ReplyDeleteअति छोटो उत्तर आउने प्रश्नहरू
१. पूर्वाधार विकास भनेको के हो?
२. विकासका कुनै दुई प्रमुख पूर्वाधारको नाम लेख्नुहोस्।
३. मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क (HDI) भनेको के हो?
४. मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क मापन गर्ने कुनै दुई आधार लेख्नुहोस्।
५. दिगो विकास भनेको के हो?
६. दिगो विकासको एउटा प्रमुख उद्देश्य लेख्नुहोस्।
७. दिगो विकासका लागि आवश्यक कुनै दुई पक्ष उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
८. नेपालको विकासको प्रादेशिक अवधारणा भन्नाले के बुझिन्छ?
९. प्रदेशगत सन्तुलित विकास किन आवश्यक छ?
१०. नेपालमा विकासका लागि प्रदेशको भूमिका के हो?
अति छोटो प्रश्नका उत्तरहरू
ReplyDelete१. पूर्वाधार विकास भनेको के हो?
→ विकासका लागि आवश्यक भौतिक तथा सामाजिक संरचनाको निर्माण र विस्तार गर्नु नै पूर्वाधार विकास हो।
२. विकासका कुनै दुई प्रमुख पूर्वाधारको नाम लेख्नुहोस्।
→ सडक र विद्युत्।
३. मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क (HDI) भनेको के हो?
→ मानिसको स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा र जीवनस्तरको अवस्थालाई मापन गर्ने संयुक्त सूचकलाई मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क भनिन्छ।
४. मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क मापन गर्ने कुनै दुई आधार लेख्नुहोस्।
→ शिक्षा र स्वास्थ्य।
५. दिगो विकास भनेको के हो?
→ वर्तमान पुस्ताको आवश्यकता पूरा गर्दै भविष्यका पुस्ताको आवश्यकतामा असर नपर्ने गरी गरिने विकासलाई दिगो विकास भनिन्छ।
६. दिगो विकासको एउटा प्रमुख उद्देश्य लेख्नुहोस्।
→ प्राकृतिक स्रोतको संरक्षण गर्दै दीर्घकालीन विकास गर्नु।
७. दिगो विकासका लागि आवश्यक कुनै दुई पक्ष उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
→ आर्थिक विकास र वातावरण संरक्षण।
८. नेपालको विकासको प्रादेशिक अवधारणा भन्नाले के बुझिन्छ?
→ प्रदेशको आवश्यकता र सम्भावनाअनुसार विकासका कार्यक्रम सञ्चालन गर्ने अवधारणालाई नेपालको विकासको प्रादेशिक अवधारणा भनिन्छ।
९. प्रदेशगत सन्तुलित विकास किन आवश्यक छ?
→ क्षेत्रीय असमानता हटाई समान विकास गर्न प्रदेशगत सन्तुलित विकास आवश्यक छ।
१०. नेपालमा विकासका लागि प्रदेशको भूमिका के हो?
→ प्रदेशले आफ्नो क्षेत्रका स्रोत–साधनको उपयोग गरी विकास निर्माण र सेवा प्रवाहमा महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्छ।
ReplyDeleteGrammar Questions
A. Choose and use the correct form of the verb.
1. If students ________ (work) hard, they will achieve better results.
2. The teacher ________ (teach) the students for two hours before the bell rang.
3. By the time we arrived, the programme ________ already ________ (start).
4. If I ________ (be) rich, I would establish a school for poor children.
5. The government ________ (introduce) several programmes to protect the environment.
B. Change the following sentences into passive voice.
6. The government has launched a new education programme.
7. People should protect endangered animals.
8. Scientists are studying the effects of climate change.
9. The students planted many trees around the school.
10. We must preserve our cultural heritage.
C. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
11. The teacher said, “Education is essential for human development.”
12. Ram said, “I have saved enough money for my education.”
13. The environmentalist said, “We must protect our forests.”
14. The teacher said to the students, “Do not waste your time.”
15. She said, “How funny the story is!”
D. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
16. Education plays an important role ________ social development.
17. We should be careful ________ our natural resources.
18. He is interested ________ traditional culture.
19. Many people depend ________ agriculture for their livelihood.
20. The government is responsible ________ protecting the environment.
E. Join the following sentences using the words in brackets.
21. He is poor. He is honest. (although)
22. The economy is developing. People still face unemployment. (but)
23. We should plant trees. We want to reduce environmental pollution. (because)
24. She worked hard. She passed the examination. (so)
25. The man is a comedian. He made everyone laugh. (who)
F. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
26. People speak English in many countries. (Change into passive voice.)
27. “I am preparing for my examination,” Sita said. (Change into indirect speech.)
28. Unless we protect forests, we cannot save wildlife. (Use “if”.)
29. He is too poor to afford higher education. (Rewrite using “so…that”.)
30. Everyone should respect their cultural heritage. (Change into a negative sentence without changing the meaning.)
ReplyDelete1. Proper Noun
A proper noun is the specific name of a person, place, organization, day, month, etc. It begins with a capital letter.
Examples:
Ram
Nepal
Kathmandu
Monday
Mount Everest
Tribhuvan University
Sentence: Ram studies at Tribhuvan University
2. Common Noun
A common noun is a general name for a person, place, animal, or thing.
Examples:
boy
city
country
teacher
university
book
Sentence: The teacher is reading a book.
> Proper: Nepal → Common: country
3. Collective Noun
A collective noun refers to a group of people, animals, or things considered as one unit.
Examples:
team
committee
family
crowd
army
flock
herd
Sentence: The team is playing w
4. Abstract Noun
An abstract noun names an idea, quality, state, feeling, or concept that cannot normally be seen or touched.
Examples:
honesty
beauty
happiness
freedom
wisdom
childhood
love
Sentence: Honesty is the best policy.
5. Material Noun
A material noun names a substance or material from which things are made.
Examples:
gold
silver
iron
water
wood
cotton
milk
Sentence: Gold is a precious metal.
A. Choose the correct answer. [5 × 1 = 5]
ReplyDelete• I have already decided to join a gym. I ______ exercise regularly from next week.
a. will
b. am going to
c. would
d. was going to
• “The phone is ringing.”
“OK, I ______ answer it.”
a. am going to
b. will
c. would
d. am
• Everyone in the class ______ interested in physical exercise.
a. are
b. have
c. is
d. were
• Neither my brother nor my sisters ______ interested in yoga.
a. is
b. are
c. was
d. has
• The flowers smell sweet. The verb smell is:
a. transitive
b. intransitive
c. linking
d. auxiliary
B. Complete the sentences with will or be going to. [5 × 1 = 5]
• I have bought a ticket. I ______ visit Pokhara next week.
• “I am thirsty.” “I ______ bring you a glass of water.”
• Look at those dark clouds! It ______ rain.
• If you don't stop polluting the river, the government ______ take action.
• We have already made a plan. We ______ plant trees in our community tomorrow.
C. Choose the correct verb. [5 × 1 = 5]
• Everyone ______ responsible for protecting the environment.
(is/are)
• A number of students ______ regular exercise.
(do/does)
• Neither the teacher nor the students ______ absent today.
(is/are)
• The pair of shoes ______ on the floor.
(is/are)
• Mathematics ______ my favourite subject.
(is/are)
D. Identify the type of the underlined verb: Transitive, Intransitive or Linking. [5 × 1 = 5]
• The doctor looks tired.
• The boy kicked the ball.
• The birds fly in the sky.
• She became a doctor.
• The farmer planted trees.
इकाइ–७ : हाम्रो विगत — अति छोटो प्रश्नहरू
ReplyDeleteवि.सं. २००७ सालको क्रान्तिको मुख्य उद्देश्य के थियो?
वि.सं. २००७ सालको क्रान्तिमा नेपाली कांग्रेसले कस्तो भूमिका खेलेको थियो?
दिल्ली सम्झौता कहिले भएको थियो?
वि.सं. २००७ सालको क्रान्तिपछि नेपालमा कुन राजनीतिक व्यवस्था स्थापना भयो?
वि.सं. २०१५ सालमा नेपालमा के भएको थियो?
नेपालमा पञ्चायती व्यवस्था कहिलेदेखि सुरु भएको थियो?
पञ्चायती व्यवस्थाका संस्थापक राजा को हुन्?
वि.सं. २०४६ सालको जनआन्दोलनको मुख्य उपलब्धि के थियो?
वि.सं. २०६२/६३ को जनआन्दोलनको प्रमुख उपलब्धि के थियो?
वि.सं. २०६३ सालको अन्तरिम संविधानको एउटा प्रमुख विशेषता लेख्नुहोस्।
ReplyDelete1. Email Writing
Write an email to your friend who has recently completed Grade 12, congratulating him/her on the successful completion of the examination and wishing him/her a bright future. [5 Marks]
2. Letter Writing
Write a letter to the editor of a national daily newspaper expressing your concern about the increasing use of plastic bags and suggesting measures to reduce plastic pollution. [8 Marks]
3. Essay Writing
Write an essay in about 300 words on “The Role of Technology in Education.” [8 Marks]
Dear Sita,
ReplyDeleteI am very happy to know that you have successfully completed your Grade 12 examination. Please accept my heartfelt congratulations on your achievement.
Your success is the result of your hard work, dedication and regular study. I am confident that you will achieve greater success in the future too. I wish you all the best for your higher studies and career.
Once again, congratulations and best wishes for your bright future.
Yours lovingly,
Rita
To
ReplyDeleteThe Editor
The Kathmandu Post
Kathmandu, Nepal
Subject: Measures to Reduce Plastic Pollution
Dear Sir/Madam,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authorities and the general public towards the increasing problem of plastic pollution in our country.
Plastic bags are widely used in markets, shops and households. They are cheap and convenient, but they cause serious environmental problems. Plastic does not decompose easily and pollutes our rivers, streets and agricultural land. It also harms animals and creates health risks.
The government should strictly control the use of plastic bags and encourage people to use reusable bags made of cloth or other environmentally friendly materials. Public awareness programmes should also be conducted. Shops and consumers should be encouraged to reduce the use of single-use plastics. Proper waste collection and recycling facilities should be provided in urban areas.
I hope your newspaper will publish this issue and help create awareness among the public. With cooperation among the government, businesses and citizens, plastic pollution can be reduced significantly.
Yours faithfully,
A Concerned Citizen
The Role of Technology in Education
ReplyDeleteTechnology has become an important part of modern education. It has changed the way teachers teach and students learn. Computers, smartphones, the internet, projectors and online learning platforms have made education more interesting, accessible and effective.
One of the major advantages of technology is easy access to information. Students can find educational materials, videos, e-books and online courses within a short time. Teachers can also use presentations, educational videos and digital resources to explain difficult topics more clearly. Online classes have made it possible for students to continue their studies even when they cannot attend physical classrooms.
Technology also encourages self-learning. Students can learn according to their own pace and interests. Educational applications and websites provide opportunities to practise lessons and improve skills. Digital communication also helps students and teachers share assignments, notes and feedback easily.
However, technology also has some challenges. Excessive use of mobile phones and social media can distract students from their studies. Some students may not have equal access to computers, smartphones or the internet. Therefore, technology should be used carefully and responsibly.
In conclusion, technology has greatly improved the teaching and learning process. If it is used properly, it can make education more accessible, interactive and effective. Teachers, students and parents should work together to ensure that technology is used mainly for educational purposes.
My School Life
ReplyDeleteMy school life has been the most transformative and cherished chapter of my journey so far. Beyond the daily routine of classes, exams, and homework, it is a vibrant space where I have built lifelong friendships, discovered my personal interests, and grown as an individual. The school environment provided me with a safe harbor to learn from mistakes, embrace new challenges, and gain confidence under the guidance of dedicated teachers. From engaging classroom discussions and competitive sports days to shared laughter during break times, every day brought a new experience. Ultimately, school life has done far more than teach me academic subjects; it has shaped my character, instilled discipline, and provided a strong foundation for whatever lies ahead.
Moral Values
ReplyDeleteMoral values are the fundamental principles and beliefs that guide human behavior, helping us distinguish between right and wrong. Principles such as honesty, respect, empathy, responsibility, and kindness form the bedrock of a healthy and compassionate society. When individuals uphold these values in their daily lives, it fosters trust, mutual understanding, and cooperation within families, schools, and broader communities. Without strong moral values, social interactions can quickly breakdown into self-interest, conflict, and chaos. Ultimately, practicing moral values is not just about adhering to societal rules, but about cultivating personal integrity and building a peaceful, harmonious world for everyone.
Cyberbullying means using technology—like phones, computers, or the internet—to hurt, scare, or embarrass someone. It happens on social media, messaging apps, and online games. Examples include spreading lies, sending mean messages, sharing private pictures without permission, or posting hate speech. Because it happens online, victims feel like they can never escape it, even at home.
ReplyDeleteThe effects of cyberbullying can be very serious:
a) Mental and Emotional Hurt: It makes people feel sad, anxious, afraid, and lonely.
b) Loss of Confidence: Victims start to feel bad about themselves and lose their self-esteem.
c) Physical Health Problems: Constant stress can cause headaches, stomachaches, and trouble sleeping.
d) School Problems: It becomes hard to focus on studies, so grades can fall.
e) Severe Danger: In extreme cases, it can cause severe depression or thoughts of self-harm.
Here is how we can stop cyberbullying:
f) Spread Awareness: Teach students early about online kindness and safety.
g) Protect Personal Information: Never share passwords, photos, or private details online.
h) Parental Guidance: Parents should monitor internet use and set healthy limits.
i) Block and Report: Block the bully immediately, save evidence, and tell a teacher, parent, or authority right away.
१. प्रथम बिस्वयुद्धको समायमा नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री को थिए?
ReplyDelete२. नेपाली योद्धाको बारेमा जर्मन सम्राट कैजर विल्हेमको भनाई उल्लेख गर्नुहोस।
३. ब्लाक ह्यान्ड सोसाइटी भनेको के हो?
४. प्रथम विश्व युद्धपछि युरोपको विभिन्न राजतन्त्रको पतन भयो तर बेलायतको राजतन्त्र रहिरह्यो। यसको कारण लेख्नुहोस।
५. राष्ट्रसंघ भनेको के हो? यो कहिले स्थापना भयो?
६. प्रथम बिस्वयुद्ध पछि स्थापना निर्माण भएका नयाँ राज्यहरुको नाम लेख।
७. जापानले कहिले मन्चुरिया कब्जा गर्यो?
८. बोल्सेभिक क्रान्ती भनेको के हो?
९. पर्ल हार्वर आक्रमण भनेको के हो?
१०. एन्ट्लान्टिक चार्टर भन्नाले के बुझ्नु हुन्छ?
११. दोस्रो बिस्वयुद्धमा नेपाललि सैनिकहरुले कस्तो भुमिका खेलेका थिए?
१२. दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध कहिले शुरु भएर कहिले अन्त्य भएको थियो?
ReplyDeleteउत्तरहरू
१. प्रथम विश्वयुद्धको समयमा नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री को थिए?
→ श्री ३ महाराज चन्द्र शमशेर नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्री (श्री ३ महाराज) थिए।
२. नेपाली योद्धाका बारेमा जर्मन सम्राट कैजर विल्हेमको भनाइ उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
→ कैजर विल्हेम द्वितीयले नेपाली सैनिकहरूको बहादुरीको प्रशंसा गर्दै भनेका थिए— “मलाई कुनै नेपाली सैनिकसँग डर लाग्दैन, तर नेपाली सैनिकलाई लिएर आएको ब्रिटिस सेनासँग डर लाग्छ।”
३. ब्ल्याक ह्यान्ड सोसाइटी भनेको के हो?
→ सर्बियामा स्थापना भएको गोप्य राष्ट्रवादी संगठन हो, जसले अस्ट्रो–हंगेरीको प्रभावबाट स्लाभ जनतालाई मुक्त गराउने उद्देश्य राखेको थियो।
४. प्रथम विश्वयुद्धपछि युरोपका विभिन्न राजतन्त्रको पतन भयो तर बेलायतको राजतन्त्र रहिरह्यो। यसको कारण लेख्नुहोस्।
→ बेलायतमा संवैधानिक राजतन्त्र र लोकतान्त्रिक संसदीय व्यवस्था भएकाले राजाले निरंकुश शासन नगर्ने र जनताको अधिकार सुरक्षित रहने हुँदा बेलायतको राजतन्त्र कायम रह्यो।
५. राष्ट्रसंघ भनेको के हो? यो कहिले स्थापना भयो?
→ राष्ट्रहरूबीच शान्ति र सुरक्षा कायम गर्न स्थापना गरिएको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संगठन राष्ट्रसंघ हो। यसको स्थापना सन् १९२० मा भएको थियो।
६. प्रथम विश्वयुद्धपछि स्थापना भएका नयाँ राज्यहरूको नाम लेख्नुहोस्।
→ पोल्यान्ड, चेकोस्लोभाकिया, युगोस्लाभिया, फिनल्यान्ड, इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया र लिथुआनिया आदि नयाँ राज्यहरू स्थापना भए।
७. जापानले कहिले मन्चुरिया कब्जा गर्यो?
→ जापानले सन् १९३१ मा मन्चुरिया कब्जा गरेको थियो।
८. बोल्सेभिक क्रान्ति भनेको के हो?
→ सन् १९१७ मा रुसमा बोल्सेभिक पार्टीको नेतृत्वमा जारशाही शासनको अन्त्य गरी समाजवादी शासन स्थापना गर्न भएको क्रान्तिलाई बोल्सेभिक क्रान्ति भनिन्छ।
९. पर्ल हार्बर आक्रमण भनेको के हो?
→ सन् १९४१ डिसेम्बर ७ मा जापानले अमेरिकाको हवाईस्थित पर्ल हार्बरमा गरेको आकस्मिक सैनिक आक्रमणलाई पर्ल हार्बर आक्रमण भनिन्छ।
१०. एटलान्टिक चार्टर भन्नाले के बुझिन्छ?
→ सन् १९४१ मा अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति फ्र्याङ्कलिन रुजवेल्ट र बेलायती प्रधानमन्त्री विन्स्टन चर्चिलले जारी गरेको युद्धपछिको विश्व शान्ति र व्यवस्थासम्बन्धी घोषणापत्रलाई एटलान्टिक चार्टर भनिन्छ।
११. दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धमा नेपाली सैनिकहरूले कस्तो भूमिका खेलेका थिए?
→ नेपाली सैनिकहरूले मित्रराष्ट्रको पक्षबाट विभिन्न युद्धमोर्चामा वीरतापूर्वक लडेका थिए। उनीहरूले उत्तर अफ्रिका, इटाली, बर्मा, मलाया आदि क्षेत्रमा महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेले।
१२. दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध कहिले सुरु भएर कहिले अन्त्य भएको थियो?
→ दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध सन् १९३९ सेप्टेम्बर १ देखि सन् १९४५ सेप्टेम्बर २ सम्म चलेको थियो।
क. संविधान सभाको गठन विधि उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
ReplyDeleteउत्तर: नेपालमा संविधान सभाको गठन मिश्रित निर्वाचन प्रणालीमार्फत गरिएको थियो। यसको गठन विधि निम्न अनुसार छ:
• पहिलो हुने निर्वाचित हुने (प्रत्यक्ष) निर्वाचन प्रणाली: देशलाई विभिन्न निर्वाचन क्षेत्रमा विभाजन गरी बढी मत ल्याउने उम्मेदवार निर्वाचित हुने व्यवस्था।
• समानुपातिक निर्वाचन प्रणाली: राजनीतिक दलहरूले पाएको कूल मतको अनुपातमा सभासदहरू चयन हुने व्यवस्था।
• मन्त्रिपरिषद्बाट मनोनयन: समाजका विभिन्न क्षेत्रमा विशिष्ट योगदान पुर्याएका व्यक्तिहरूलाई मन्त्रिपरिषद्को सिफारिसमा मनोनयन गरिने व्यवस्था।
ख. संविधान सभाको महत्व लेख्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: संविधान सभाको महत्त्वलाई निम्न बुँदाहरूमा स्पष्ट पार्न सकिन्छ:
• जनताका निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधिहरूद्वारा देशको मूल कानुन (संविधान) निर्माण हुनु।
• समाजका सबै वर्ग, लिङ्ग, जातजाति र समुदायको भावना तथा अधिकारलाई संविधानमा समावेश गर्न सकिनु।
• निरंकुश शासनको अन्त्य गरी लोकतान्त्रिक र गणतन्त्रात्मक व्यवस्थाको स्थापना हुनु।
• देशलाई दिगो शान्ति, राजनीतिक स्थायित्व र समृद्धिको दिशामा अघि बढाउनु।
ग. नेपालको संविधानका कुनै चारओटा विशेषता उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: नेपालको संविधान (२०७२) का चार प्रमुख विशेषताहरू निम्न अनुसार छन्:
• संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र: देशमा तीन तह (सङ्घ, प्रदेश र स्थानीय) को सरकार रहने व्यवस्था।
• सार्वभौमसत्ता र राजकीयसत्ता: सार्वभौमसत्ता र राजकीयसत्ता नेपाली जनतामा निहित हुनु।
• विस्तृत मौलिक हक: नागरिकका ३१ वटा मौलिक हकको संवैधानिक व्यवस्था।
• धर्मनिरपेक्षता: राज्यको कुनै धर्म नहुने र सबै धर्मलाई समान संरक्षण प्रदान गरिनु।
क. राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्रको उपयोगिता उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्रको उपयोगिता निम्न अनुसार छ:
• नागरिकको व्यक्तिगत तथा जैविक (Biometric) पहिचान प्रमाणीकरण गर्न।
• सरकारी तथा सार्वजनिक सेवा (जस्तै: राहदानी, सामाजिक सुरक्षा, बैंकिङ आदि) छिटो-छरितो प्राप्त गर्न।
• दोहोरो परिचय वा नक्कली कागजातको प्रयोगलाई नियन्त्रण गर्न।
• मतदाता परिचयपत्रका रूपमा तथा निर्वाचन कार्यलाई सहज बनाउन।
ख. राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्रमा समावेश हुने विवरणहरूको सूची तयार गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्रमा समावेश हुने प्रमुख विवरणहरू:
• व्यक्तिगत विवरण: नाम, थर, जन्ममिति, लिङ्ग, जन्मस्थान, ठेगाना, नागरिकता नम्बर, बाबु-आमा र बाजे-बज्यैको नाम।
• जैविक (Biometric) विवरण: दशै औँलाको छाप (Fingerprints), आँखाको रेक्टिना/स्क्यान (Iris scan), अनुहारको स्पष्ट फोटो, र हस्ताक्षर।
• विशिष्ट नम्बर: ९ वा १० अङ्कको व्यक्तिगत पहिचान नम्बर (NIN)।
ग. नेपालले कस्ता व्यक्तित्वहरूलाई सम्मानार्थ नागरिकता दिनु उपयुक्त हुन्छ ? तर्कयुक्त कारणसमेत उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
ReplyDeleteउत्तर: नेपालले अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्षेत्रमा ख्यातिप्राप्त, नेपालको नाम र शान उच्च राख्न महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान पुर्याएका तथा मानव जाति, कला, साहित्य, विज्ञान, वा शान्तिका क्षेत्रमा विशिष्ट योगदान दिएका विदेशी व्यक्तित्वहरूलाई सम्मानार्थ नागरिकता दिनु उपयुक्त हुन्छ।
कारण: यस्ता विशिष्ट व्यक्तित्वहरूलाई सम्मानार्थ नागरिकता दिँदा नेपालको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय साख बढ्छ, देशको कूटनीतिक सम्बन्ध प्रगाढ हुन्छ र उनीहरूको ज्ञान, सीप तथा योगदानबाट देशले अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्तरमा थप पहिचान प्राप्त गर्न सक्छ।
क. बालबालिकाको मौलिक हकको सूची तयार गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: नेपालको संविधानको धारा ३९ अनुसार बालबालिकाका प्रमुख मौलिक हकहरू निम्न छन्:
• नाम र पहिचानसहित जन्मदर्ताको हक।
• परिवार तथा राज्यबाट पालनपोषण, हेरचाह, खेलकुद, मनोरञ्जन र सर्वाङ्गीण व्यक्तित्व विकासको हक।
• प्रारम्भिक बालविकास तथा बाल सहभागिताको हक।
• कुनै पनि प्रकारको शोषण, बालश्रम, बालविवाह, वा हिंसाबाट सुरक्षित हुने हक।
ख. सामाजिक न्यायको हकका प्रमुख व्यवस्था उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: नेपालको संविधानको धारा ४२ अनुसार सामाजिक न्यायको हकका प्रमुख व्यवस्था:
• सामाजिक रूपले पछाडि परेका महिला, दलिद्, आदिवासी जनजाति, मधेशी, थारू, अपाङ्गता भएका व्यक्ति आदिलाई समानुपातिक समावेशी सिद्धान्तका आधारमा राज्यका निकायमा सहभागी हुने हक।
• आर्थिक रूपले विपन्न तथा लोपोन्मुख समुदायका नागरिकलाई शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, आवास र रोजगारीमा विशेष अवसर पाउने हक।
• अपाङ्गता भएका नागरिकलाई मर्यादापूर्वक बाँच्न पाउने र सार्वजनिक सेवामा पहुँचको हक।
ग. संवैधानिक उपचारको हक किन महत्त्वपूर्ण छ ? आफ्ना सटिक तर्कहरू कुनै चार बुँदामा उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: संवैधानिक उपचारको हक (धारा ४६) निम्न कारणहरूले गर्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण छ:
• मौलिक हकको संरक्षण: नागरिकका मौलिक हकहरू हनन भएमा अदालत (सर्वोच्च अदालत) गएर उपचार वा न्याय पाउन सकिने भएकाले।
• संविधानको सर्वोच्चता कायम: सरकार वा कुनै निकायले संविधानविपरीत कानुन वा निर्णय बनाएमा त्यसलाई बदर गराउन मद्दत पुग्ने भएकाले।
• स्वेच्छाचारितामा रोक: कार्यपालिका वा व्यवस्थापिकालाई निरंकुश र स्वेच्छाचारी हुनबाट रोक्ने भएकाले।
• कानुनको शासन कायम: नागरिकका हकअधिकार कागजातमा मात्र सीमित नरही व्यावहारिक रूपमा कार्यान्वयन गराउन सहयोग पुग्ने भएकाले।
ग. नेपालले कस्ता व्यक्तित्वहरूलाई सम्मानार्थ नागरिकता दिनु उपयुक्त हुन्छ ? तर्कयुक्त कारणसमेत उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
ReplyDeleteउत्तर: नेपालले अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्षेत्रमा ख्यातिप्राप्त, नेपालको नाम र शान उच्च राख्न महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान पुर्याएका तथा मानव जाति, कला, साहित्य, विज्ञान, वा शान्तिका क्षेत्रमा विशिष्ट योगदान दिएका विदेशी व्यक्तित्वहरूलाई सम्मानार्थ नागरिकता दिनु उपयुक्त हुन्छ।
कारण: यस्ता विशिष्ट व्यक्तित्वहरूलाई सम्मानार्थ नागरिकता दिँदा नेपालको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय साख बढ्छ, देशको कूटनीतिक सम्बन्ध प्रगाढ हुन्छ र उनीहरूको ज्ञान, सीप तथा योगदानबाट देशले अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्तरमा थप पहिचान प्राप्त गर्न सक्छ।
क. बालबालिकाको मौलिक हकको सूची तयार गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: नेपालको संविधानको धारा ३९ अनुसार बालबालिकाका प्रमुख मौलिक हकहरू निम्न छन्:
• नाम र पहिचानसहित जन्मदर्ताको हक।
• परिवार तथा राज्यबाट पालनपोषण, हेरचाह, खेलकुद, मनोरञ्जन र सर्वाङ्गीण व्यक्तित्व विकासको हक।
• प्रारम्भिक बालविकास तथा बाल सहभागिताको हक।
• कुनै पनि प्रकारको शोषण, बालश्रम, बालविवाह, वा हिंसाबाट सुरक्षित हुने हक।
ख. सामाजिक न्यायको हकका प्रमुख व्यवस्था उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: नेपालको संविधानको धारा ४२ अनुसार सामाजिक न्यायको हकका प्रमुख व्यवस्था:
• सामाजिक रूपले पछाडि परेका महिला, दलिद्, आदिवासी जनजाति, मधेशी, थारू, अपाङ्गता भएका व्यक्ति आदिलाई समानुपातिक समावेशी सिद्धान्तका आधारमा राज्यका निकायमा सहभागी हुने हक।
• आर्थिक रूपले विपन्न तथा लोपोन्मुख समुदायका नागरिकलाई शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, आवास र रोजगारीमा विशेष अवसर पाउने हक।
• अपाङ्गता भएका नागरिकलाई मर्यादापूर्वक बाँच्न पाउने र सार्वजनिक सेवामा पहुँचको हक।
ग. संवैधानिक उपचारको हक किन महत्त्वपूर्ण छ ? आफ्ना सटिक तर्कहरू कुनै चार बुँदामा उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: संवैधानिक उपचारको हक (धारा ४६) निम्न कारणहरूले गर्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण छ:
• मौलिक हकको संरक्षण: नागरिकका मौलिक हकहरू हनन भएमा अदालत (सर्वोच्च अदालत) गएर उपचार वा न्याय पाउन सकिने भएकाले।
• संविधानको सर्वोच्चता कायम: सरकार वा कुनै निकायले संविधानविपरीत कानुन वा निर्णय बनाएमा त्यसलाई बदर गराउन मद्दत पुग्ने भएकाले।
• स्वेच्छाचारितामा रोक: कार्यपालिका वा व्यवस्थापिकालाई निरंकुश र स्वेच्छाचारी हुनबाट रोक्ने भएकाले।
• कानुनको शासन कायम: नागरिकका हकअधिकार कागजातमा मात्र सीमित नरही व्यावहारिक रूपमा कार्यान्वयन गराउन सहयोग पुग्ने भएकाले।
1. Autobiography
ReplyDeleteWrite a short autobiography featuring your childhood life. Include information about your birth, family, childhood memories, daily activities, education, hobbies and memorable experiences.
2. Punctuation
Punctuate the following paragraph with appropriate punctuation marks:
It was a cold freezing day, it had been snowing all day in New York Mr Tim cooked and I went outside to play in the snow We had not seen much snow since we went skiing in Sweden last year Mrs Smith was right because she had said that we'd see snow The next day we had really a wonderful time there didn't we
3. News Article
Write a news article about digital payment systems in Nepal.
4. Description
Write a description of your favourite comedian, explaining his/her personality, acting, performance and uniqueness.
5. Paragraph Writing
Write a paragraph elaborating the idea of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) in garbage management.
6. Letter to the Editor
Garbage management is a big problem in most cities in Nepal. Write a letter to the editor of a daily newspaper suggesting ways of solving garbage problems.
My Childhood Life
ReplyDeleteI was born in a small and beautiful village in Nepal. I grew up in a loving family with my parents and siblings. My parents were hardworking and caring. They taught me the importance of honesty, discipline and hard work.
My childhood was full of happiness and memorable experiences. I used to play with my friends in the open fields after school. We played football, hide-and-seek and other traditional games. I also enjoyed visiting my relatives during festivals. Those days were simple but very enjoyable.
I started my education at a local school near my home. I was an active and curious student. I liked reading storybooks and learning new things. My favourite subjects were English and Social Studies.
In my free time, I enjoyed playing games, reading books, drawing pictures and listening to music. One of my most memorable experiences was participating in a school programme for the first time. I was nervous at first, but my teachers and friends encouraged me.
Looking back, my childhood was one of the happiest periods of my life. The love of my family, friendship with my classmates and guidance from my teachers made my childhood meaningful. The lessons I learned during those years still guide me today.
It was a cold, freezing day. It had been snowing all day in New York. Mr. Tim cooked, and I went outside to play in the snow. We had not seen much snow since we went skiing in Sweden last year. Mrs. Smith was right because she had said that we'd see snow. The next day, we had really a wonderful time there, didn't we?
ReplyDeleteDigital Payment System Growing Rapidly in Nepal
ReplyDeleteKathmandu, October 5: Digital payment systems are becoming increasingly popular in Nepal. People in cities as well as rural areas are using mobile banking, digital wallets, QR payments and internet banking for their daily transactions.
The use of digital payment has made financial transactions faster, easier and more convenient. Customers can pay electricity and internet bills, purchase goods, transfer money and make payments through their mobile phones without carrying cash.
Banks and digital wallet companies have encouraged people to use QR codes and mobile applications. The growing use of smartphones and internet services has also contributed to the expansion of digital payments.
However, users need to be careful about online fraud, fake links and password theft. Financial institutions and the government should increase public awareness about safe digital transactions.
The rapid growth of digital payments is helping Nepal move towards a more convenient and cashless economy.
My Favourite Comedian
ReplyDeleteMy favourite comedian is Hari Bansha Acharya, one of the most popular comedians and actors in Nepal. He is well known for his excellent sense of humour, natural acting and unique style of presentation.
Hari Bansha Acharya has a friendly and creative personality. He can make people laugh through simple dialogue, facial expressions and body language. His comedy is not only entertaining but also presents social and political issues in a humorous way.
His performances are lively and realistic. He often plays different types of characters and presents them in an interesting manner. His ability to imitate people and situations makes his performance special.
What makes him unique is that his comedy often carries a meaningful message. He uses humour to make people aware of social problems while entertaining them. Therefore, I admire him not only as a comedian but also as a talented artist and social commentator.
The 3Rs in Garbage Management
ReplyDeleteThe 3Rs—Reduce, Reuse and Recycle—are important principles of proper garbage management. We should first reduce the amount of waste we produce by avoiding unnecessary purchases and reducing the use of plastic bags and disposable products. We should reuse things such as bottles, bags, containers and clothes whenever possible instead of throwing them away. Similarly, recyclable materials such as paper, glass, metal and plastic should be separated from other waste and sent for recycling. The practice of the 3Rs helps reduce pollution, conserve natural resources and keep our surroundings clean. Therefore, everyone should follow the 3Rs to make our environment cleaner, healthier and more sustainable.
To
ReplyDeleteThe Editor
The Kathmandu Post
Kathmandu, Nepal
Subject: Suggestions for Proper Garbage Management
Dear Sir/Madam,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authorities to the serious problem of garbage management in our cities.
Most urban areas of Nepal suffer from unmanaged garbage. Waste is often thrown on roadsides, rivers and open spaces. This creates an unpleasant environment and causes air, water and soil pollution. It can also lead to various diseases.
The concerned authorities should arrange regular waste collection and proper disposal facilities. People should be encouraged to separate biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste at home. Recycling and composting should also be promoted. The government should strictly prohibit littering in public places and impose fines on those who violate the rules. Public awareness programmes should be conducted regularly.
I hope your newspaper will highlight this issue and encourage the concerned authorities and citizens to take immediate action.
Yours faithfully,
A Concerned Citizen
The 3Rs in Garbage Management
ReplyDeleteThe 3Rs—Reduce, Reuse and Recycle—are important principles of proper garbage management. We should first reduce the amount of waste we produce by avoiding unnecessary purchases and reducing the use of plastic bags and disposable products. We should reuse things such as bottles, bags, containers and clothes whenever possible instead of throwing them away. Similarly, recyclable materials such as paper, glass, metal and plastic should be separated from other waste and sent for recycling. The practice of the 3Rs helps reduce pollution, conserve natural resources and keep our surroundings clean. Therefore, everyone should follow the 3Rs to make our environment cleaner, healthier and more sustainable.
My Favourite Comedian
ReplyDeleteMy favourite comedian is Hari Bansha Acharya, one of the most popular comedians and actors in Nepal. He is well known for his excellent sense of humour, natural acting and unique style of presentation.
Hari Bansha Acharya has a friendly and creative personality. He can make people laugh through simple dialogue, facial expressions and body language. His comedy is not only entertaining but also presents social and political issues in a humorous way.
His performances are lively and realistic. He often plays different types of characters and presents them in an interesting manner. His ability to imitate people and situations makes his performance special.
What makes him unique is that his comedy often carries a meaningful message. He uses humour to make people aware of social problems while entertaining them. Therefore, I admire him not only as a comedian but also as a talented artist and social commentator.
1. History and Culture
ReplyDeleteWrite an email to your friend living abroad stating the contributions of Prithvi Narayan Shah in the unification of Nepal.
2. Life and Love
No separate Writing section is listed on the provided exercise page.
3. Health and Exercise
Yoga can be good to stay physically and mentally healthy. Do you practice any yoga? Write an essay on the benefits of yoga.
How can a person be mentally healthy? Provide about ten tips to a person to stay mentally fresh and healthy.
4. Ecology and Development
Write an essay on “The Community Forest in Nepal”. Describe how these community forests have contributed to maintaining ecology in our environment.
5. Humour and Satire
Write an essay on superstitions that exist in your community in about 250 words.
“Superstition is prevalent in every walk of life.” Argue for or against this statement.
6. Democracy
Nepal has a topsy-turvy political history. Many changes have been observed at different times. Write a short biography of any Nepali freedom fighter incorporating the changes brought under his/her leadership.
Dear Suman,
ReplyDeleteI hope you are doing well. You asked me about the contribution of Prithvi Narayan Shah to the unification of Nepal. I am happy to share some information with you.
Prithvi Narayan Shah was the King of Gorkha and the main architect of modern Nepal. Before his unification campaign, Nepal was divided into many small kingdoms. He realized that a united country would be stronger and safer. He began the campaign of unification by conquering Nuwakot in 1744. Later, he conquered important places such as Makwanpur, Kirtipur and Kathmandu Valley. After capturing Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur, he established Kathmandu as the capital of the unified Nepal.
He also encouraged national unity and emphasized the importance of protecting Nepal from foreign influence. His policy and leadership helped create the foundation of present-day Nepal.
Thus, Prithvi Narayan Shah played a very important role in the unification of Nepal. His contribution is remembered with great respect in Nepali history.
Best wishes,
Kishor Shrestha
The Benefits of Yoga
ReplyDeleteYoga is an ancient physical and mental practice. It is very useful for maintaining a healthy and peaceful life. In today's busy and stressful world, yoga has become popular among people of all ages.
Yoga provides many physical benefits. It improves flexibility, balance and body strength. It helps improve blood circulation and breathing. Regular yoga can also help prevent some health problems and keep the body active and fit. Different yoga postures and breathing exercises help us maintain good physical health.
Yoga is equally beneficial for mental health. It reduces stress, anxiety and tension. It helps us concentrate better and keeps our minds calm and fresh. Students can benefit from yoga because it can improve concentration and help them study with a peaceful mind.
Yoga does not always require expensive equipment or a large space. We can practise it at home or in an open and peaceful place. However, we should learn the correct techniques and practise regularly.
In conclusion, yoga is a simple and effective way of maintaining physical and mental health. Everyone should make yoga a part of their daily life.
The Community Forest in Nepal
ReplyDeleteA community forest is a forest managed and protected by a local community. Community forestry is an important programme in Nepal because forests provide many benefits to both people and the environment.
In the past, many forests in Nepal were destroyed because of uncontrolled cutting of trees, overgrazing and increasing population. Community forestry has helped local people understand the importance of protecting forests. Local communities participate in planting trees, controlling forest fires, preventing illegal cutting and managing forest resources.
Community forests have made a great contribution to maintaining ecological balance. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. They help reduce soil erosion, protect water sources and provide habitats for wildlife. They also contribute to controlling floods and landslides. Forests help maintain biodiversity and make the environment cleaner and healthier.
Community forests also provide people with firewood, fodder, timber, fruits and other forest products. They can create employment and generate income for local communities.
Therefore, community forests are very important for both human beings and nature. Proper management and protection of community forests can help Nepal achieve sustainable development and maintain a healthy environment.
Superstitions in Our Community
ReplyDeleteSuperstition is a belief that something brings good or bad luck without any scientific explanation. Superstitions are common in many communities. They have been passed from one generation to another for a long time.
There are many superstitions in our community. Some people believe that seeing a cat crossing the road brings bad luck. Some people consider certain days or numbers unlucky. Similarly, many people believe that an eclipse can be harmful or that certain activities should not be performed during an eclipse. Some people also believe in ghosts, witches and other supernatural powers.
Superstitions are often connected with culture and tradition. However, some superstitions can create fear and prevent people from thinking scientifically. For example, people may refuse medical treatment because they believe that an illness is caused by supernatural powers. This can make a simple health problem more serious.
Education and scientific awareness can help reduce harmful superstitions. We should respect cultural traditions, but we should not blindly accept beliefs without evidence.
In conclusion, superstitions are still present in our community. We should promote education, scientific thinking and awareness to eliminate harmful superstitions from society.
Ganesh Man Singh
ReplyDeleteGanesh Man Singh was one of the prominent freedom fighters and democratic leaders of Nepal. He was born in Kathmandu in 1915. He devoted his life to establishing democracy and fighting against autocratic rule in Nepal.
Singh became involved in the struggle against the Rana regime. He participated in democratic movements and was imprisoned several times for his political activities. He was a leading figure of the Nepali Congress and played an important role in the movement against the Panchayat system.
He was especially important in the People's Movement of 2046 B.S. (1990 A.D.). He helped unite democratic forces against the Panchayat system. The movement became successful and led to the restoration of multiparty democracy in Nepal. Because of his important role in the movement, he is often remembered as the “Supreme Commander” of the 1990 People's Movement.
Ganesh Man Singh was known for his courage, honesty and commitment to democracy. He believed in people's rights, freedom and democratic values. He received the United Nations Human Rights Award for his contribution to democracy and human rights.
He died in 1997. His contribution to Nepal's democratic movement remains an important part of the country's political history.
पूर्णाङ्क: ७५
ReplyDeleteसमय: ३ घण्टा
समूह ‘क’ — अति छोटो उत्तर
११ × १ = ११
१. सामाजिकीकरण भनेको के हो?
२. सामाजिक विविधतामा एकता भन्नाले के बुझिन्छ?
३. मानव विकास सूचकांक (HDI) का कुनै एक प्रमुख आयाम लेख्नुहोस्।
४. दिगो विकास भनेको के हो?
५. नेपालको कुनै एक राष्ट्रिय सम्पदाको नाम लेख्नुहोस्।
६. सामाजिक समस्या भनेको के हो?
७. शक्ति पृथकीकरणको सिद्धान्तसँग सम्बन्धित कुनै दुई अङ्गको नाम लेख्नुहोस्।
८. नेपालको व्यवस्थापिकाको प्रमुख कार्य के हो?
९. उपभोक्ता अधिकारको कुनै एक उदाहरण दिनुहोस्।
१०. संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घको स्थापना कहिले भएको हो?
११. विश्वव्यापीकरण भनेको के हो?
समूह ‘ख’ — छोटो उत्तर
९ × ४ = ३६
१२. सामाजिकीकरणका कुनै चार महत्त्व लेख्नुहोस्।
१३. नेपालको विविधतामा एकता कायम गर्न सकिने चार उपायहरू लेख्नुहोस्।
१४. मानव विकास सूचकांकका आधारमा नेपालको विकासको अवस्था सुधार गर्न आवश्यक चार उपायहरू लेख्नुहोस्।
१५. दिगो विकासका चार प्रमुख लक्ष्यहरू उल्लेख गर्दै यसको महत्त्व स्पष्ट पार्नुहोस्।
१६. नेपालको संघीय शासन प्रणालीले विकासमा पुर्याएका चार योगदानहरू लेख्नुहोस्।
१७. सामाजिक समस्या र सामाजिक विकृतिबीच फरक छुट्याउनुहोस्।
१८. शक्ति पृथकीकरण र शक्ति सन्तुलनबीचको सम्बन्ध स्पष्ट पार्नुहोस्।
१९. नेपालको निर्वाचन प्रक्रियाका प्रमुख चार चरणहरू उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
२०. प्रथम विश्वयुद्धका कुनै चार कारणहरू लेख्नुहोस्।
समूह ‘ग’ — लामो उत्तर
४ × ७ = २८
२१. नेपालको राजनीतिक इतिहासमा २००७ सालको क्रान्ति र दिल्ली सम्झौताको भूमिका व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्। यसबाट नेपालमा प्रजातान्त्रिक व्यवस्थाको विकासमा परेको प्रभावसमेत उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
२२. पञ्चायत कालदेखि संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रात्मक कालसम्म नेपालको राजनीतिक विकासक्रमलाई क्रमबद्ध रूपमा वर्णन गर्नुहोस्।
२३. दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धका प्रमुख कारण र परिणामहरू विस्तृत रूपमा व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्।
२४. नेपालको आर्थिक विकासमा ऊर्जा, पर्यटन र रोजगारीको महत्त्व व्याख्या गर्दै आर्थिक समृद्धिका लागि अपनाउनुपर्ने उपायहरू प्रस्तुत गर्नुहोस्।
पूर्णाङ्क: ७५
ReplyDeleteसमय: ३ घण्टा
समूह ‘क’ — अति छोटो उत्तर
११ × १ = ११
१. व्यक्तिको सामाजिक पहिचान निर्माणमा कुन कुराले प्रभाव पार्छ?
२. नेपालको राष्ट्रिय गौरवका कुनै दुई सम्पदाको नाम लेख्नुहोस्।
३. विकासका कुनै दुई पूर्वाधार लेख्नुहोस्।
४. मानव विकास सूचकांकमा समेटिने स्वास्थ्यसम्बन्धी सूचक के हो?
५. संघीय नेपालमा कति तहका सरकार रहेका छन्?
६. सामाजिक मूल्यमान्यता भनेको के हो?
७. मानव बेचबिखन रोक्न सकिने कुनै एक उपाय लेख्नुहोस्।
८. नेपालको कार्यपालिकाको प्रमुख को हुन्छ?
९. राजनीतिक दलको एउटा प्रमुख कार्य लेख्नुहोस्।
१०. नेपालको परराष्ट्र नीतिको एउटा आधारभूत विशेषता लेख्नुहोस्।
११. सामाजिक सञ्जालको एउटा सकारात्मक पक्ष लेख्नुहोस्।
समूह ‘ख’ — छोटो उत्तर
९ × ४ = ३६
१२. पहिचान निर्माणमा परिवार, समाज र संस्कृतिको भूमिका चार बुँदामा स्पष्ट पार्नुहोस्।
१३. नेपालको राष्ट्रिय सम्पदा संरक्षण गर्न अपनाउनुपर्ने चार उपायहरू लेख्नुहोस्।
१४. शास्त्रीय कला र लोकगीतबीच चारवटा भिन्नता लेख्नुहोस्।
१५. यौन विकृति तथा सामाजिक विसङ्गति उत्पन्न हुनुका चार कारण उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
१६. नेपालको न्यायपालिकाका प्रमुख कार्यहरू चार बुँदामा लेख्नुहोस्।
१७. मानव अधिकार र उपभोक्ता अधिकारबीचको सम्बन्ध स्पष्ट पार्नुहोस्।
१८. २०४६ सालको जनआन्दोलनका प्रमुख कारणहरू उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
१९. प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध र दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धका कुनै दुई–दुई कारण उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
२०. नेपालमा पर्यटन विकासबाट रोजगारी सिर्जना गर्न सकिने चार उपायहरू लेख्नुहोस्।
समूह ‘ग’ — लामो उत्तर
४ × ७ = २८
२१.
विविधतामा एकता नेपालको विशेष पहिचान हो। नेपालको जातीय, भाषिक, धार्मिक तथा सांस्कृतिक विविधताबीच राष्ट्रिय एकता कायम गर्न सकिने उपायहरू व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्।
२२.
नेपालको व्यवस्थापिका, कार्यपालिका र न्यायपालिकाका कार्यहरू उल्लेख गर्दै यी तीन अङ्गबीच शक्ति सन्तुलन र नियन्त्रण किन आवश्यक छ? व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्।
२३.
संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रात्मक काल (२०७२ सालदेखि हालसम्म) नेपालको राजनीतिक तथा सामाजिक विकासमा भएका प्रमुख परिवर्तनहरू उल्लेख गर्दै संघीय शासन प्रणालीका उपलब्धि र चुनौतीहरूको विश्लेषण गर्नुहोस्।
२४. नक्सा कार्य
७ अंक
नेपालको नक्सा कोरी निम्न तथ्यहरूलाई उपयुक्त सङ्केत प्रयोग गरी भर्नुहोस् :
ग. कर्णाली प्रदेश
घ. सगरमाथा
ङ. रारा ताल
च. चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज
छ. कालीगण्डकी नदी
समूह ‘क’ — अति छोटो उत्तर
ReplyDelete१. व्यक्तिको सामाजिक पहिचान निर्माणमा परिवार, समाज, संस्कृति, भाषा, धर्म तथा परम्पराले प्रभाव पार्छ।
२. नेपालको राष्ट्रिय गौरवका दुई सम्पदा: सगरमाथा र लुम्बिनी।
३. विकासका दुई पूर्वाधार: शिक्षा र स्वास्थ्य।
४. मानव विकास सूचकांकमा स्वास्थ्यसम्बन्धी सूचक जन्मँदाको औसत आयु (Life expectancy at birth) हो।
५. नेपालमा तीन तहका सरकार रहेका छन्—संघ, प्रदेश र स्थानीय तह।
६. समाजले स्वीकार गरेका असल आचरण, व्यवहार, मान्यता र आदर्शहरूलाई सामाजिक मूल्यमान्यता भनिन्छ।
७. मानव बेचबिखन रोक्ने एउटा उपाय: जनचेतना अभिवृद्धि गर्नु।
८. नेपालको कार्यपालिकाको प्रमुख प्रधानमन्त्री हुन्छ।
९. राजनीतिक दलको एउटा प्रमुख कार्य जनताको राजनीतिक प्रतिनिधित्व गर्नु हो।
१०. नेपालको परराष्ट्र नीतिको एउटा आधारभूत विशेषता पञ्चशीलका सिद्धान्तमा आधारित हुनु हो।
११. सामाजिक सञ्जालको एउटा सकारात्मक पक्ष सूचना तथा ज्ञानको छिटो आदानप्रदान हो।
समूह ‘ख’ — छोटो उत्तर
१२. पहिचान निर्माणमा परिवार, समाज र संस्कृतिको भूमिका
पहिचान निर्माणमा परिवार, समाज र संस्कृतिको महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका हुन्छ।
परिवारले बालबालिकालाई भाषा, संस्कार र व्यवहार सिकाउँछ।
समाजले व्यक्तिलाई सामाजिक मूल्य र मान्यता सिकाउँछ।
संस्कृतिले व्यक्तिको परम्परा, जीवनशैली र मौलिकता निर्माण गर्छ।
यी सबैको प्रभावबाट व्यक्तिको व्यक्तिगत तथा सामाजिक पहिचान निर्माण हुन्छ।
१३. नेपालको राष्ट्रिय सम्पदा संरक्षण गर्ने उपाय
राष्ट्रिय सम्पदाको नियमित संरक्षण तथा मर्मत गर्ने।
सम्पदा संरक्षणसम्बन्धी जनचेतना फैलाउने।
पुरातात्त्विक तथा ऐतिहासिक वस्तुको चोरी र तस्करी नियन्त्रण गर्ने।
सम्पदा क्षेत्रको संरक्षणका लागि सरकार तथा स्थानीय समुदायको सहभागिता बढाउने।
१५. यौन विकृति तथा सामाजिक विसङ्गतिका कारण
ReplyDeleteअशिक्षा तथा चेतनाको कमी।
अश्लील सामग्रीको अनियन्त्रित पहुँच।
गलत संगत र नकारात्मक सामाजिक वातावरण।
पारिवारिक तथा सामाजिक नियन्त्रणको कमी।
१६. नेपालको न्यायपालिकाका प्रमुख कार्य
संविधान र कानुनको व्याख्या गर्ने।
नागरिकका अधिकारको संरक्षण गर्ने।
कानुन उल्लङ्घनसम्बन्धी विवादको न्यायिक निरूपण गर्ने।
दोषीलाई कानुनबमोजिम दण्ड र पीडितलाई न्याय दिलाउने।
१७. मानव अधिकार र उपभोक्ता अधिकारबीच सम्बन्ध
मानव अधिकारले प्रत्येक व्यक्तिको सम्मानपूर्वक बाँच्ने अधिकार सुनिश्चित गर्छ भने उपभोक्ता अधिकारले वस्तु तथा सेवा प्रयोग गर्ने व्यक्तिको अधिकार संरक्षण गर्छ।
दुवै अधिकार मानव सम्मानसँग सम्बन्धित छन्।
दुवैले व्यक्तिलाई शोषण र अन्यायबाट संरक्षण गर्छन्।
राज्यले दुवै अधिकारको संरक्षण गर्नुपर्छ।
उपभोक्ता अधिकार पनि व्यापक रूपमा मानव अधिकारकै एउटा महत्त्वपूर्ण पक्ष हो।
१८. २०४६ सालको जनआन्दोलनका प्रमुख कारण
पञ्चायती व्यवस्थामा बहुदलीय राजनीतिक अधिकारको अभाव।
जनतामा लोकतन्त्र र राजनीतिक स्वतन्त्रताको चाहना बढ्नु।
राजनीतिक दलमाथिको प्रतिबन्ध।
पञ्चायती शासनप्रति जनताको असन्तुष्टि बढ्दै जानु।
१९. प्रथम र दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धका कारण
प्रथम विश्वयुद्धका दुई कारण:
उग्र राष्ट्रवाद।
साम्राज्यवाद र सैन्यवाद।
दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धका दुई कारण:
भर्साइल सन्धिप्रतिको जर्मनीको असन्तुष्टि।
जर्मनी, इटाली र जापानको विस्तारवादी नीति।
२०. पर्यटनबाट रोजगारी सिर्जना गर्ने उपाय
पर्यटकीय क्षेत्रको पूर्वाधार विकास गर्ने।
पर्यटनसम्बन्धी सीपमूलक तालिम दिने।
नयाँ पर्यटकीय गन्तव्यको प्रचार–प्रसार गर्ने।
होमस्टे, होटल, यातायात तथा हस्तकलाजस्ता पर्यटन व्यवसाय प्रवर्द्धन गर्ने।
समूह ‘ग’ — लामो उत्तर
२१. विविधतामा एकता कायम गर्ने उपाय
नेपाल बहुजातीय, बहुभाषिक, बहुधार्मिक तथा बहुसांस्कृतिक देश हो। यस्तो विविधता नेपालको पहिचान र सम्पत्ति हो। विविधताबीच एकता कायम गर्न निम्न उपाय अपनाउन सकिन्छ:
सबै जाति, भाषा, धर्म र संस्कृतिप्रति समान सम्मान गर्ने।
जातीय, धार्मिक तथा भाषिक भेदभाव अन्त्य गर्ने।
संविधानले प्रदान गरेका समान अधिकारको कार्यान्वयन गर्ने।
विभिन्न समुदायबीच सहिष्णुता र सहकार्य बढाउने।
सबै समुदायका संस्कृति र परम्पराको संरक्षण तथा सम्मान गर्ने।
राष्ट्रिय हितलाई व्यक्तिगत तथा सामुदायिक स्वार्थभन्दा माथि राख्ने।
शिक्षा र सञ्चारमार्फत राष्ट्रिय एकता तथा सामाजिक सद्भाव बढाउने।
यसरी विविधतालाई विभाजनको आधार नबनाई नेपालको राष्ट्रिय शक्ति र पहिचानको आधार बनाउन सकिन्छ।
२२. व्यवस्थापिका, कार्यपालिका र न्यायपालिका तथा शक्ति सन्तुलन
नेपालको राज्य सञ्चालनमा तीन प्रमुख अङ्ग रहेका छन्:
व्यवस्थापिका:
कानुन निर्माण गर्ने, सरकारका कामको निगरानी गर्ने तथा जनताको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्ने कार्य गर्छ।
कार्यपालिका:
निर्मित कानुन कार्यान्वयन गर्ने, राज्यको प्रशासन सञ्चालन गर्ने तथा देशको दैनिक शासन व्यवस्था सञ्चालन गर्छ।
न्यायपालिका:
कानुनको व्याख्या गर्ने, विवादको समाधान गर्ने र नागरिकका मौलिक अधिकारको संरक्षण गर्छ।
यी तीनवटै अङ्गबीच शक्ति सन्तुलन र नियन्त्रण आवश्यक हुन्छ, किनभने:
कुनै एक अङ्गमा अत्यधिक शक्ति केन्द्रित हुन दिँदैन।
स्वेच्छाचारी शासन नियन्त्रण गर्छ।
संविधान र कानुनको पालना सुनिश्चित गर्छ।
नागरिकका अधिकारको संरक्षण गर्छ।
लोकतान्त्रिक शासन प्रणालीलाई बलियो बनाउँछ।
त्यसैले शक्ति पृथकीकरण र शक्ति सन्तुलन लोकतन्त्रका महत्त्वपूर्ण आधार हुन्।
२३. २०७२ सालदेखि संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रात्मक काल
नेपालमा २०७२ सालमा नयाँ संविधान जारी भएपछि संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रात्मक शासन प्रणाली संस्थागत भएको हो।
प्रमुख परिवर्तनहरू:
संघीय शासन प्रणाली लागू भयो।
संघ, प्रदेश र स्थानीय गरी तीन तहको सरकार गठन भयो।
जनताले स्थानीय तहमा आफ्ना प्रतिनिधि निर्वाचनमार्फत चयन गर्न पाए।
मौलिक हक र मानव अधिकारलाई संविधानले सुनिश्चित गर्यो।
समावेशी तथा समानुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्वलाई प्राथमिकता दिइयो।
स्थानीय तहलाई विभिन्न अधिकार तथा जिम्मेवारी प्रदान गरियो।
उपलब्धिहरू:
जनताको शासनमा सहभागिता बढेको छ।
स्थानीय तहबाट सेवा प्रवाहमा सहजता आएको छ।
स्थानीय विकासका काममा जनसहभागिता बढेको छ।
चुनौतीहरू:
तीन तहबीच अधिकार तथा स्रोतको समन्वय।
पर्याप्त आर्थिक स्रोतको अभाव।
प्रशासनिक क्षमता र दक्ष जनशक्तिको कमी।
विकासमा प्रदेश तथा स्थानीय तहबीच असमानता।
यसरी संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रले जनताको सहभागिता र विकेन्द्रीकरण बढाए पनि यसको प्रभावकारी कार्यान्वयन अझै चुनौतीपूर्ण रहेको छ।
समूह ‘क’ — अति छोटो उत्तर
ReplyDelete११ × १ = ११
१. सामाजिकीकरण भनेको के हो?
समाजका मूल्य, मान्यता, संस्कार, नियम तथा व्यवहार सिकेर समाजमा समायोजन हुने प्रक्रियालाई सामाजिकीकरण भनिन्छ।
२. सामाजिक विविधतामा एकता भन्नाले के बुझिन्छ?
जाति, भाषा, धर्म, संस्कृति आदि फरक भए पनि आपसी सद्भाव, सहिष्णुता र सहयोगका साथ एकताबद्ध भएर बस्नुलाई विविधतामा एकता भनिन्छ।
३. मानव विकास सूचकांक (HDI) का कुनै एक प्रमुख आयाम लेख्नुहोस्।
स्वास्थ्य तथा दीर्घ जीवन।
(अन्य आयाम: शिक्षा र जीवनस्तर।)
४. दिगो विकास भनेको के हो?
वर्तमान पुस्ताको आवश्यकता पूरा गर्दा भावी पुस्ताको आवश्यकता पूरा गर्ने क्षमतामा असर नपर्ने गरी गरिने विकासलाई दिगो विकास भनिन्छ।
५. नेपालको कुनै एक राष्ट्रिय सम्पदाको नाम लेख्नुहोस्।
सगरमाथा।
६. सामाजिक समस्या भनेको के हो?
समाजको शान्ति, सद्भाव, विकास तथा सामाजिक जीवनमा नकारात्मक असर पार्ने समस्यालाई सामाजिक समस्या भनिन्छ।
७. शक्ति पृथकीकरणको सिद्धान्तसँग सम्बन्धित कुनै दुई अङ्गको नाम लेख्नुहोस्।
व्यवस्थापिका र कार्यपालिका।
८. नेपालको व्यवस्थापिकाको प्रमुख कार्य के हो?
कानुन निर्माण गर्नु व्यवस्थापिकाको प्रमुख कार्य हो।
९. उपभोक्ता अधिकारको कुनै एक उदाहरण दिनुहोस्।
गुणस्तरीय वस्तु तथा सेवा प्राप्त गर्ने अधिकार।
१०. संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घको स्थापना कहिले भएको हो?
सन् १९४५ अक्टोबर २४ मा।
११. विश्वव्यापीकरण भनेको के हो?
विश्वका विभिन्न देशहरूबीच आर्थिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक, राजनीतिक तथा प्राविधिक सम्बन्ध र अन्तरनिर्भरता बढ्ने प्रक्रियालाई विश्वव्यापीकरण भनिन्छ।
समूह ‘ख’ — छोटो उत्तर
९ × ४ = ३६
१२. सामाजिकीकरणका कुनै चार महत्त्व लेख्नुहोस्।
• व्यक्तिलाई सामाजिक मूल्य र मान्यता सिकाउँछ।
• व्यक्तिको व्यक्तित्व विकास गर्न सहयोग गर्छ।
• समाजमा समायोजन हुन सिकाउँछ।
• व्यक्तिमा जिम्मेवारी र कर्तव्यबोध विकास गर्छ।
१३. नेपालको विविधतामा एकता कायम गर्न सकिने चार उपायहरू लेख्नुहोस्।
• सबै जाति, भाषा, धर्म र संस्कृतिप्रति समान सम्मान गर्ने।
• जातीय, धार्मिक तथा भाषिक भेदभाव अन्त्य गर्ने।
• विभिन्न समुदायबीच सहिष्णुता, सद्भाव र सहकार्य बढाउने।
• राष्ट्रिय हितलाई व्यक्तिगत तथा सामुदायिक स्वार्थभन्दा माथि राख्ने।
१४. मानव विकास सूचकांकका आधारमा नेपालको विकासको अवस्था सुधार गर्न आवश्यक चार उपायहरू लेख्नुहोस्।
• सबैका लागि गुणस्तरीय शिक्षाको पहुँच विस्तार गर्ने।
• स्वास्थ्य सेवा र पोषणमा लगानी बढाउने।
• रोजगारीका अवसर सिर्जना गरी आयस्तर वृद्धि गर्ने।
• गरिबी र बेरोजगारी घटाई जीवनस्तर सुधार गर्ने।
१५. दिगो विकासका चार प्रमुख लक्ष्यहरू उल्लेख गर्दै यसको महत्त्व स्पष्ट पार्नुहोस्।
प्रमुख लक्ष्यहरू:
• गरिबी अन्त्य गर्नु।
• गुणस्तरीय शिक्षा सुनिश्चित गर्नु।
• स्वस्थ जीवन र स्वास्थ्य सेवा प्रवर्द्धन गर्नु।
• वातावरण तथा प्राकृतिक स्रोतको संरक्षण गर्नु।
महत्त्व:
दिगो विकासले वर्तमान पुस्ताको आवश्यकता पूरा गर्दै प्राकृतिक स्रोत र वातावरणको संरक्षण गर्छ। यसले आर्थिक विकास, सामाजिक न्याय र वातावरणीय संरक्षणबीच सन्तुलन कायम गर्न सहयोग गर्छ।
१६. नेपालको संघीय शासन प्रणालीले विकासमा पुर्याएका चार योगदानहरू लेख्नुहोस्।
• विकासको अधिकार र जिम्मेवारी स्थानीय तहसम्म पुगेको छ।
• स्थानीय आवश्यकताअनुसार योजना निर्माण गर्न सजिलो भएको छ।
• विकास प्रक्रियामा जनताको सहभागिता बढेको छ।
• स्थानीय तहबाट सेवा प्रवाह र विकास निर्माण गर्न सहज भएको छ।
१७. सामाजिक समस्या र सामाजिक विकृतिबीच फरक छुट्याउनुहोस्।
सामाजिक समस्यासामाजिक विकृतिसमाजको विकास र शान्तिमा बाधा पुर्याउने समस्या हो।समाजले अस्वीकार गर्ने गलत व्यवहार वा प्रवृत्ति हो।यसको क्षेत्र व्यापक हुन सक्छ।प्रायः गलत आचरण वा व्यवहारसँग सम्बन्धित हुन्छ।गरिबी, बेरोजगारी आदि उदाहरण हुन्।लागुऔषध दुर्व्यसन, हिंसा आदि उदाहरण हुन्।यसको समाधानका लागि सामाजिक तथा सरकारी प्रयास आवश्यक हुन्छ।चेतना, सुधार तथा नियन्त्रणका उपाय आवश्यक हुन्छन्।
१८. शक्ति पृथकीकरण र शक्ति सन्तुलनबीचको सम्बन्ध स्पष्ट पार्नुहोस्।
शक्ति पृथकीकरण भनेको राज्यका शक्तिहरू व्यवस्थापिका, कार्यपालिका र न्यायपालिकाबीच विभाजन गर्नु हो। शक्ति सन्तुलन भनेको यी अङ्गहरूले एकअर्काको काममा आवश्यक नियन्त्रण तथा निगरानी राख्नु हो।
यसको सम्बन्ध:
• शक्ति दुरुपयोग रोक्न सहयोग गर्छ।
• कुनै एक अङ्गमा अत्यधिक शक्ति केन्द्रित हुन दिँदैन।
• शासनमा नियन्त्रण र सन्तुलन कायम गर्छ।
• नागरिक अधिकार र लोकतान्त्रिक शासन प्रणालीको संरक्षण गर्छ।
१९. नेपालको निर्वाचन प्रक्रियाका प्रमुख चार चरणहरू उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
ReplyDelete१. मतदाता नामावली तयार तथा अद्यावधिक गर्ने।
२. निर्वाचन कार्यक्रम घोषणा गरी उम्मेदवारी दर्ता गर्ने।
३. मतदान गर्ने।
४. मतगणना गरी निर्वाचन परिणाम घोषणा गर्ने।
२०. प्रथम विश्वयुद्धका कुनै चार कारणहरू लेख्नुहोस्।
• उग्र राष्ट्रवादको विकास।
• साम्राज्यवाद तथा उपनिवेश विस्तारको प्रतिस्पर्धा।
• सैन्यवाद तथा हतियारको होड।
• युरोपमा भएको सैनिक गुटबन्दी तथा गठबन्धन।
समूह ‘ग’ — लामो उत्तर
४ × ७ = २८
२१. नेपालको राजनीतिक इतिहासमा २००७ सालको क्रान्ति र दिल्ली सम्झौताको भूमिका व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्। यसबाट नेपालमा प्रजातान्त्रिक व्यवस्थाको विकासमा परेको प्रभावसमेत उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
२००७ सालको क्रान्ति नेपालमा राणा शासनको अन्त्य र प्रजातन्त्र स्थापनाका लागि भएको महत्वपूर्ण राजनीतिक आन्दोलन थियो। राणा शासनको निरङ्कुशता तथा जनताका राजनीतिक अधिकारको अभाव यस आन्दोलनका प्रमुख पृष्ठभूमि थिए।
२००७ सालको क्रान्तिको भूमिका:
• राणा शासनको अन्त्य गर्न महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्यो।
• निरङ्कुश शासन व्यवस्थाको अन्त्य भयो।
• जनतामा राजनीतिक चेतना र अधिकारको भावना बढ्यो।
• नेपालमा प्रजातान्त्रिक शासन व्यवस्थाको सुरुवात भयो।
दिल्ली सम्झौता:
राजा त्रिभुवन, राणा पक्ष र नेपाली कांग्रेसबीच भएको समझदारीलाई दिल्ली सम्झौता भनिन्छ। यसले राणा शासनको अन्त्य र प्रजातान्त्रिक व्यवस्थातर्फ जाने वातावरण निर्माण गर्यो।
प्रभाव:
• राणा शासनको अन्त्य भयो।
• अन्तरिम सरकार गठनको बाटो खुल्यो।
• राजनीतिक दलहरूको भूमिका बढ्यो।
• जनताको राजनीतिक सहभागिता विस्तार भयो।
• नेपालमा प्रजातान्त्रिक राजनीतिक विकासको आधार तयार भयो।
यसरी २००७ सालको क्रान्ति र दिल्ली सम्झौता नेपालको प्रजातान्त्रिक राजनीतिक परिवर्तनका महत्वपूर्ण आधार बने।
२२. पञ्चायत कालदेखि संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रात्मक कालसम्म नेपालको राजनीतिक विकासक्रमलाई क्रमबद्ध रूपमा वर्णन गर्नुहोस्।
नेपालको राजनीतिक विकासक्रमलाई यसरी प्रस्तुत गर्न सकिन्छ:
१. पञ्चायती व्यवस्था (२०१७–२०४६):
२०१७ सालमा राजा महेन्द्रले निर्वाचित सरकार विघटन गरी पञ्चायती व्यवस्था लागू गरे। यस अवधिमा दलविहीन राजनीतिक व्यवस्था कायम भयो।
२. २०४६ सालको जनआन्दोलन:
राजनीतिक दल र जनताको आन्दोलनपछि पञ्चायती व्यवस्था अन्त्य भई बहुदलीय प्रजातन्त्र पुनःस्थापना भयो।
३. २०४६–२०६३ साल:
बहुदलीय प्रजातान्त्रिक व्यवस्था सञ्चालन भयो। यस अवधिमा राजनीतिक अस्थिरता र सशस्त्र द्वन्द्वजस्ता समस्या पनि देखिए।
४. २०६२/६३ को जनआन्दोलन:
जनआन्दोलनपछि निरङ्कुश राजकीय शासनको अन्त्यतर्फ राजनीतिक परिवर्तन अघि बढ्यो।
५. अन्तरिम संक्रमणकाल:
अन्तरिम संविधान जारी भयो, संविधानसभा निर्वाचन भयो र संविधानसभाले नेपाललाई गणतन्त्र घोषणा गर्यो।
६. २०७२ सालदेखि:
नेपालको नयाँ संविधान जारी भई संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रात्मक शासन प्रणाली संस्थागत भयो। संघ, प्रदेश र स्थानीय तह गरी तीन तहको सरकारको व्यवस्था भयो।
यसरी नेपालले पञ्चायती व्यवस्थादेखि बहुदलीय प्रजातन्त्र, संक्रमणकाल हुँदै संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रसम्मको राजनीतिक यात्रा पूरा गरेको छ।
२३. दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धका प्रमुख कारण र परिणामहरू विस्तृत रूपमा व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्।
ReplyDeleteप्रमुख कारणहरू
१. भर्साइल सन्धिको कठोरता:
प्रथम विश्वयुद्धपछि जर्मनीमाथि लगाइएका कठोर सर्तका कारण जर्मनीमा असन्तुष्टि बढ्यो।
२. हिटलरको विस्तारवादी नीति:
हिटलरले जर्मनीको भूभाग विस्तार गर्ने नीति अपनाए।
३. फासीवाद र नाजीवादको उदय:
जर्मनी र इटालीमा निरङ्कुश तथा विस्तारवादी शासनको विकास भयो।
४. जापानको विस्तारवादी नीति:
जापानले एसियामा आफ्नो प्रभाव र क्षेत्र विस्तार गर्न खोज्यो।
५. राष्ट्र सङ्घको असफलता:
राष्ट्र सङ्घले आक्रमणकारी राष्ट्रहरूलाई प्रभावकारी रूपमा नियन्त्रण गर्न सकेन।
६. आर्थिक मन्दी:
विश्वव्यापी आर्थिक मन्दीले बेरोजगारी, गरिबी र राजनीतिक असन्तोष बढायो।
प्रमुख परिणामहरू
• ठूलो जनधनको क्षति भयो।
• जर्मनी, इटाली र जापान कमजोर भए।
• धेरै देशको राजनीतिक तथा आर्थिक अवस्थामा परिवर्तन आयो।
• संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घको स्थापना भयो।
• अमेरिका र सोभियत सङ्घ प्रमुख विश्वशक्तिका रूपमा उदाए।
• उपनिवेशवाद कमजोर भई विभिन्न देशमा स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन तीव्र भयो।
• विश्वमा शीतयुद्धको वातावरण विकास भयो।
यसरी दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धले विश्वको राजनीतिक, आर्थिक र सामाजिक संरचनामा गहिरो परिवर्तन ल्यायो।
२४. नेपालको आर्थिक विकासमा ऊर्जा, पर्यटन र रोजगारीको महत्त्व व्याख्या गर्दै आर्थिक समृद्धिका लागि अपनाउनुपर्ने उपायहरू प्रस्तुत गर्नुहोस्।
ऊर्जा
नेपालमा जलविद्युत् उत्पादनको ठूलो सम्भावना छ। पर्याप्त ऊर्जा उत्पादन भएमा उद्योग तथा व्यवसाय सञ्चालन, उत्पादन वृद्धि र रोजगारी सिर्जना गर्न सकिन्छ। विद्युत् निर्यातबाट विदेशी मुद्रा पनि आर्जन गर्न सकिन्छ।
पर्यटन
नेपाल प्राकृतिक, धार्मिक तथा सांस्कृतिक दृष्टिले पर्यटनका लागि सम्भावनायुक्त देश हो। हिमाल, ताल, राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज, धार्मिक तथा ऐतिहासिक सम्पदाले पर्यटक आकर्षित गर्छन्। पर्यटनबाट होटल, यातायात, हस्तकला र अन्य क्षेत्रमा रोजगारी सिर्जना हुन्छ।
रोजगारी
रोजगारीले मानिसको आय बढाउँछ, गरिबी घटाउँछ र जीवनस्तर सुधार गर्छ। देशभित्र पर्याप्त रोजगारी सिर्जना गर्न सके वैदेशिक रोजगारीमा निर्भरता घटाउन सकिन्छ।
आर्थिक समृद्धिका उपाय
• जलविद्युत् तथा अन्य ऊर्जा स्रोतको विकास गर्ने।
• पर्यटन क्षेत्रको पूर्वाधार तथा प्रचार–प्रसार विस्तार गर्ने।
• उद्योग तथा व्यवसायका लागि लगानीमैत्री वातावरण बनाउने।
• युवालाई सीपमूलक तथा व्यावसायिक शिक्षा दिने।
• कृषि तथा उद्योगको आधुनिकीकरण र व्यावसायीकरण गर्ने।
• स्वदेशमै रोजगारीका अवसर सिर्जना गर्ने।
• भ्रष्टाचार नियन्त्रण गरी सुशासन कायम गर्ने।
यसरी ऊर्जा, पर्यटन र रोजगारीको उचित विकास तथा
कक्षा-९
ReplyDeleteसामाजिक अध्ययन
पूर्णाङ्क: ७५
समय: ३ घण्टा
समूह ‘क’ — अति छोटो उत्तरात्मक प्रश्नहरू
११ × १ = ११
१. समाज भनेको के हो?
उत्तर: निश्चित भू–भागमा साझा जीवन, सम्बन्ध, नियम र संस्कृतिका आधारमा बसोबास गर्ने मानिसहरूको संगठित समूहलाई समाज भनिन्छ।
२. जीवन पद्धतिको आधारमा समाजका कुनै एक प्रकारको नाम लेख्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: शिकारी तथा सङ्कलक समाज।
३. विकासका कुनै दुई पूर्वाधारको नाम लेख्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: शिक्षा र स्वास्थ्य।
४. मानव मूल्य भनेको के हो?
उत्तर: मानिसको व्यवहारलाई असल, नैतिक र मानवीय बनाउने आदर्श तथा गुणहरूलाई मानव मूल्य भनिन्छ।
५. नेपालमा प्रचलित कुनै दुई धर्मको नाम लेख्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: हिन्दु धर्म र बौद्ध धर्म।
६. सामाजिक समस्या भनेको के हो?
उत्तर: समाजको ठूलो वर्गलाई नकारात्मक असर पार्ने र सामाजिक विकासमा बाधा पुर्याउने अवस्थालाई सामाजिक समस्या भनिन्छ।
७. स्थानीय समय भनेको के हो?
उत्तर: कुनै स्थानको देशान्तरका आधारमा सूर्यको स्थितिअनुसार निर्धारण गरिएको समयलाई स्थानीय समय भनिन्छ।
८. नेपालको एकीकरणका प्रमुख अभियन्ता को हुन्?
उत्तर: पृथ्वीनारायण शाह।
९. नेपालमा कृषि क्षेत्रको एउटा महत्त्व लेख्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: कृषिले देशको ठूलो जनसङ्ख्यालाई रोजगारी प्रदान गर्छ।
१०. संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घको स्थापना कहिले भएको हो?
उत्तर: सन् १९४५ अक्टोबर २४ मा।
११. नेपालमा बसाइँसराइको एउटा प्रमुख कारण लेख्नुहोस्।
उत्तर: रोजगारीको खोजी।
समूह ‘ख’ — छोटो उत्तरात्मक प्रश्नहरू
ReplyDelete८ × ५ = ४०
१२. समाजको उत्पत्ति र विकासका प्रमुख चरणहरू उल्लेख गर्दै व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर:
समाज मानिसको सामूहिक जीवनबाट विकसित भएको हो। समाजको विकासका प्रमुख चरणहरू यस प्रकार छन्:
प्रारम्भिक अवस्थामा मानिस सिकार तथा कन्दमूल सङ्कलन गरेर जीविका चलाउँथे।
पछि मानिसले पशुपालन गर्न थाले।
कृषि युगको विकाससँगै मानिस स्थायी रूपमा बसोबास गर्न थाले।
गाउँ तथा बस्तीहरूको विकास भयो।
उद्योग तथा व्यापारको विकाससँगै औद्योगिक समाजको निर्माण भयो।
आधुनिक समयमा प्रविधि, सञ्चार र विश्वव्यापीकरणका कारण आधुनिक समाजको विकास भएको छ।
यसरी मानिसको आवश्यकता, प्रविधि, उत्पादन प्रणाली र सामाजिक सम्बन्धमा आएको परिवर्तनसँगै समाजको विकास हुँदै आएको छ।
१३. विकासका पूर्वाधारका रूपमा शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य र जनशक्तिको महत्त्व स्पष्ट गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर:
शिक्षा:
दक्ष तथा चेतनशील नागरिक उत्पादन गर्छ।
ज्ञान र सीपको विकास गर्छ।
सामाजिक तथा आर्थिक विकासमा सहयोग गर्छ।
स्वास्थ्य:
स्वस्थ जनशक्ति निर्माण गर्छ।
काम गर्ने क्षमता बढाउँछ।
रोग तथा मृत्युदर घटाउन सहयोग गर्छ।
जनशक्ति:
विकासका योजना कार्यान्वयन गर्छ।
दक्ष जनशक्तिले उत्पादन र उत्पादकत्व बढाउँछ।
देशको आर्थिक तथा सामाजिक विकासलाई गति दिन्छ।
१४. विकासका पूर्वाधारका रूपमा विद्युत्, खानेपानी, यातायात र सञ्चारको महत्त्व लेख्नुहोस्।
उत्तर:
विद्युत्: उद्योग, शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य तथा दैनिक जीवन सञ्चालनका लागि आवश्यक हुन्छ।
खानेपानी: मानिसको स्वास्थ्य र जीवनयापनका लागि अत्यावश्यक हुन्छ।
यातायात: मानिस तथा वस्तुको आवतजावतलाई सहज बनाउँछ।
सञ्चार: सूचना तथा विचारको छिटो आदानप्रदान गर्न सहयोग गर्छ।
यी सबै पूर्वाधारले आर्थिक गतिविधि र सामाजिक विकासलाई तीव्र बनाउँछन्।
१५. मानव मूल्यको महत्त्व पाँच बुँदामा लेख्नुहोस्।
उत्तर:
मानव मूल्यको महत्त्व:
मानिसलाई नैतिक र जिम्मेवार बनाउँछ।
समाजमा शान्ति र सद्भाव कायम गर्छ।
आपसी सम्मान र सहयोगको भावना विकास गर्छ।
सामाजिक विकृति तथा हिंसा न्यूनीकरण गर्न सहयोग गर्छ।
सभ्य र समतामूलक समाज निर्माणमा सहयोग पुर्याउँछ।
१६. सामाजिक समस्या समाधानमा स्थानीय तथा राष्ट्रिय सङ्घसंस्थाको योगदान उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
ReplyDeleteउत्तर:
स्थानीय तथा राष्ट्रिय सङ्घसंस्थाले सामाजिक समस्या समाधानमा निम्न योगदान गर्छन्:
जनचेतनामूलक कार्यक्रम सञ्चालन गर्छन्।
शिक्षा तथा स्वास्थ्यसम्बन्धी सेवा प्रदान गर्छन्।
विपद् तथा आपत्कालमा सहयोग गर्छन्।
महिला, बालबालिका तथा कमजोर वर्गको संरक्षण गर्छन्।
सामाजिक कुरीति तथा भेदभावविरुद्ध अभियान सञ्चालन गर्छन्।
१७. नेपालको धरातलीय विविधताले जनजीवनमा पारेको प्रभाव स्पष्ट गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर:
नेपालमा हिमाल, पहाड र तराई गरी विविध धरातलीय स्वरूप पाइन्छ। यसको जनजीवनमा निम्न प्रभाव परेको छ:
मानिसको बसोबासको स्वरूप फरक भएको छ।
पेशा तथा व्यवसायमा विविधता आएको छ।
खानपान र पहिरनमा भिन्नता देखिन्छ।
यातायात तथा सञ्चारको पहुँचमा फरक छ।
कृषि उत्पादन र आर्थिक गतिविधिमा पनि विविधता पाइन्छ।
१८. नेपाल एकीकरणको महत्त्व उल्लेख गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर:
नेपाल एकीकरणको महत्त्व:
विभिन्न स–साना राज्यलाई एउटै राष्ट्रमा एकीकृत गर्यो।
नेपालको राष्ट्रिय एकता बलियो बनायो।
नेपालको सार्वभौमिकता र स्वतन्त्रता संरक्षणमा सहयोग गर्यो।
साझा राष्ट्रिय भावना विकास गर्यो।
आधुनिक नेपालको निर्माणको आधार तयार गर्यो।
१९. नेपालमा बसाइँसराइका प्रमुख कारण र असरहरू लेख्नुहोस्।
उत्तर:
प्रमुख कारणहरू:
रोजगारीको खोजी
शिक्षा तथा स्वास्थ्यको राम्रो सुविधा
प्राकृतिक प्रकोप
आर्थिक अवसरको खोजी
शहरी सुविधाको आकर्षण
असरहरू:
शहरमा जनसङ्ख्याको चाप बढ्छ।
ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा श्रमशक्ति घट्न सक्छ।
रोजगारी तथा आर्थिक अवसरमा परिवर्तन आउँछ।
शहरी क्षेत्रमा आवास तथा पूर्वाधारमा दबाब पर्छ।
नयाँ ठाउँमा सामाजिक तथा सांस्कृतिक मिश्रण बढ्छ
समूह ‘ग’ — लामो उत्तरात्मक प्रश्नहरू
ReplyDelete३ × ८ = २४
२०. समाजको वर्गीकरणका विभिन्न आधारहरू उल्लेख गर्दै जीवन पद्धतिको आधारमा समाजका प्रकारहरू व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर:
समाज मानिसहरूको सामूहिक जीवनको व्यवस्था हो। समाजलाई विभिन्न आधारमा वर्गीकरण गर्न सकिन्छ।
समाज वर्गीकरणका आधारहरू
१. भौगोलिक आधारमा:
ग्रामीण समाज
सहरी समाज
२. आर्थिक आधारमा:
कृषिमा आधारित समाज
औद्योगिक समाज
व्यापारिक समाज
३. जीवन पद्धतिको आधारमा:
शिकारी तथा सङ्कलक समाज
पशुपालक समाज
कृषक समाज
औद्योगिक समाज
उत्तर–औद्योगिक/सूचना समाज
जीवन पद्धतिको आधारमा समाजका प्रकार
शिकारी तथा सङ्कलक समाज:
मानिसहरू सिकार गर्ने र वनबाट कन्दमूल, फलफूल आदि सङ्कलन गरेर जीवन निर्वाह गर्थे।
पशुपालक समाज:
पशुपालन मुख्य पेशा भएको समाजलाई पशुपालक समाज भनिन्छ।
कृषक समाज:
कृषि मुख्य आर्थिक क्रियाकलाप भएको समाजलाई कृषक समाज भनिन्छ।
औद्योगिक समाज:
उद्योग तथा कारखाना प्रमुख आर्थिक आधार भएको समाजलाई औद्योगिक समाज भनिन्छ।
उत्तर–औद्योगिक समाज:
सूचना, ज्ञान, प्रविधि र सेवाक्षेत्रलाई बढी महत्त्व दिने आधुनिक समाजलाई उत्तर–औद्योगिक समाज भनिन्छ।
२१. सामाजिक समस्या तथा समाधानका उपायहरू वर्णन गर्दै स्काउट र रेडक्रसले समाज सुधारमा पुर्याएको योगदान स्पष्ट गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर:
समाजमा मानिसको जीवन, अधिकार, विकास र सामाजिक सम्बन्धमा नकारात्मक प्रभाव पार्ने अवस्थालाई सामाजिक समस्या भनिन्छ। नेपालमा गरिबी, बेरोजगारी, अशिक्षा, बालविवाह, दाइजो प्रथा, छुवाछुत, लैङ्गिक विभेद, भ्रष्टाचार तथा लागूपदार्थ दुर्व्यसनजस्ता समस्या पाइन्छन्।
सामाजिक समस्या समाधानका उपाय
जनचेतना फैलाउने।
शिक्षा तथा सीपको विकास गर्ने।
कानुनको प्रभावकारी कार्यान्वयन गर्ने।
रोजगारीका अवसर सिर्जना गर्ने।
स्थानीय समुदायको सहभागिता बढाउने।
सामाजिक कुरीति र अन्धविश्वास हटाउने।
सरकारी तथा गैरसरकारी संस्थाबीच समन्वय गर्ने।
स्काउटको योगदान
अनुशासन र नेतृत्व विकास गर्छ।
स्वयंसेवी भावना विकास गर्छ।
विपद् तथा आपत्कालमा सहयोग गर्छ।
वातावरण संरक्षणमा योगदान गर्छ।
सामाजिक सेवामा युवालाई परिचालन गर्छ।
रेडक्रसको योगदान
विपद् तथा प्राकृतिक प्रकोपमा राहत प्रदान गर्छ।
प्राथमिक उपचारसम्बन्धी सेवा तथा तालिम दिन्छ।
रक्तदान अभियान सञ्चालन गर्छ।
मानवीय सेवामा सहयोग गर्छ।
आपत्कालीन अवस्थामा पीडितलाई सहयोग गर्छ।
यसरी स्काउट र रेडक्रसले सामाजिक सेवा, मानवीय सहायता र समुदायको विकासमा महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्छन्।
२२. नेपालको अर्थतन्त्रमा कृषि, उद्योग र व्यापारको भूमिका तथा संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ र क्षेत्रीय सङ्गठनमा नेपालको भूमिकाबारे वर्णन गर्नुहोस्।
उत्तर:
कृषि
नेपालको अर्थतन्त्रमा कृषिको ठूलो योगदान छ। यसले रोजगारी सिर्जना गर्नुका साथै खाद्यान्न, कच्चा पदार्थ र आयको स्रोत प्रदान गर्छ।
उद्योग
उद्योगले स्थानीय स्रोतसाधनको उपयोग गरी वस्तु उत्पादन गर्छ। यसले रोजगारी सिर्जना, आय वृद्धि, आयात प्रतिस्थापन र आर्थिक विकासमा सहयोग गर्छ।
व्यापार
व्यापारबाट वस्तु तथा सेवाको आदानप्रदान हुन्छ। यसले बजार विस्तार, सरकारी राजस्व वृद्धि र वैदेशिक मुद्रा आर्जनमा सहयोग गर्छ।
संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घमा नेपालको भूमिका
नेपाल सन् १९५५ मा संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घको सदस्य बनेको हो। नेपालले:
विश्व शान्ति र सुरक्षाको पक्षमा भूमिका खेल्दै आएको छ।
संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घीय शान्ति स्थापनाका कार्यमा नेपाली सेना तथा सुरक्षाकर्मी पठाउँदै आएको छ।
विकास, मानव अधिकार र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सहकार्यका विषयमा सहभागिता जनाउँछ।
साना तथा विकासोन्मुख राष्ट्रका हितका विषय उठाउँछ।
क्षेत्रीय सङ्गठनमा नेपालको भूमिका
नेपाल सार्क (SAARC) जस्ता क्षेत्रीय सङ्गठनमा सक्रिय रूपमा सहभागी छ। नेपालले क्षेत्रीय शान्ति, विकास, व्यापार, गरिबी न्यूनीकरण, शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य र आपसी सहयोगलाई अघि बढाउन भूमिका खेल्दै आएको छ।
यसरी कृषि, उद्योग र व्यापारले देशको आर्थिक विकासमा योगदान गर्छन् भने अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय तथा क्षेत्रीय सङ्गठनमार्फत नेपालले विश्व तथा क्षेत्रीय सहकार्यमा योगदान पुर्याउँदै आएको छ।
ReplyDeleteClass 12 English – Literature: Poems
Answer the following questions:
1. A Day – Short Answer
What does the poet mean by the “sunset” at the end of the poem A Day? What does it symbolize?
2. Every Morning I Wake – Short Answer
Why does the speaker pray to God every morning in the poem Every Morning I Wake?
3. I Was My Own Route – Short Answer
Why does the speaker say, “I was my own route”? What does this statement reveal about her character?
4. A Day / Every Morning I Wake – Long Answer
Explain how the poems A Day and Every Morning I Wake present the relationship between human life and nature/God.
5. I Was My Own Route – Long Answer
The poem I Was My Own Route is a poem about women’s independence and freedom from social restrictions. Explain this statement with reference to the poem.
ReplyDelete1. Neighbours – Short Answer
Why did the neighbours initially find it difficult to adjust to one another? How did they eventually become friendly?
2. A Respectable Woman – Short Answer
Why did Mrs. Baroda become confused about her feelings towards Gouvernail?
3. A Devoted Son – Long Answer
How does Rakesh’s devotion to his father gradually become a source of conflict between them? Discuss with reference to the story.
4. The Treasure in the Forest – Long Answer
How did Evans and Hooker suffer because of their greed for treasure? What message does the story convey?
5. My Old Home – Long Answer
What changes does the narrator find in his old home and village after many years? What does the story suggest about the passage of time and changing relationships?
ReplyDeleteAnswers
1. Why did the neighbours initially find it difficult to adjust to one another? How did they eventually become friendly?
The neighbours initially found it difficult to adjust because they belonged to different cultural backgrounds and had different lifestyles and habits. They were suspicious and uncomfortable with one another. Gradually, they began to understand each other, share their feelings and help one another. Their regular interaction and mutual respect finally developed a friendly relationship between them.
2. Why did Mrs. Baroda become confused about her feelings towards Gouvernail?
Mrs. Baroda became confused because she was attracted to Gouvernail although she wanted to maintain the image of a respectable woman. She found his quiet and gentle personality interesting. She wanted to get closer to him but was afraid of behaving improperly. Therefore, she struggled between her personal feelings and her sense of social respectability.
3. How does Rakesh’s devotion to his father gradually become a source of conflict between them?
Rakesh is a devoted son who loves and respects his father deeply. After becoming a successful doctor, he takes great care of his aging father. However, his excessive concern gradually becomes restrictive. He controls his father's diet, activities and daily routine because he wants to protect his health.
The father feels that Rakesh treats him like a patient rather than an independent person. He becomes frustrated with Rakesh's constant restrictions. Thus, Rakesh's love and devotion unintentionally become a source of conflict. The story shows that love should be accompanied by understanding and respect for another person's independence.
4. How did Evans and Hooker suffer because of their greed for treasure? What message does the story convey?
Evans and Hooker went to the forest in search of hidden treasure. They were driven by greed and ignored the warnings associated with the treasure. After finding the treasure, they handled the poisoned objects without sufficient care.
As a result, they were poisoned and suffered a terrible fate. Their greed ultimately caused their own destruction.
The story conveys the message that greed can lead people to danger and destruction. It also teaches us that we should not become careless or blindly pursue wealth.
5. What changes does the narrator find in his old home and village after many years? What does the story suggest about the passage of time and changing relationships?
When the narrator returns to his old home after many years, he finds that the place has changed considerably. The people, surroundings and relationships are no longer the same as they were in his childhood. His old home reminds him of his past, but he realizes that time has changed both people and places.
The story suggests that time brings unavoidable changes in human life and relationships. Childhood memories remain in our minds, but we cannot return to the past. The narrator therefore feels both nostalgia for his childhood and sadness about the changes brought by time.
ReplyDelete1. The Selfish Giant
Short-answer Questions
1. Why did the Giant build a wall around his garden?
2. How did the Giant realize that he had been selfish?
3. What message does The Selfish Giant convey?
Long-answer Questions
1. Describe the transformation of the Giant from a selfish person into a kind and loving person.
2. “The Selfish Giant is a story about love, sharing and kindness.” Discuss.
3. Explain the significance of the little boy in the story
2. The Oval Portrait
Short-answer Questions
1. Why was the painter's wife unhappy about his passion for painting?
2. What happened when the painter completed his wife's portrait?
3. Why is the story titled The Oval Portrait?
Long-answer Questions
1. “The painter loved his art more than his wife.” Discuss.
2. How does The Oval Portrait show the destructive power of obsession?
3. Describe the character of the painter and his attitude towards his wife.
3. God Sees the Truth but Waits
Short-answer Questions
1. Why was Aksionov accused of murdering the merchant?
2. Why did Aksionov forgive Makar Semyonich?
3. Why is the story titled God Sees the Truth but Waits?
Long-answer Questions
1. “Forgiveness is greater than revenge.” Discuss with reference to Aksionov.
2. Describe the transformation of Aksionov during his years in prison.
3. How does Tolstoy present the theme of justice and injustice in the story?
4. The Wish
Short-answer Questions
1. What did the boy imagine the carpet to be?
2. Why was the boy afraid of the black patches on the carpet?
3. What role does imagination play in The Wish?
Long-answer Questions
1. “Imagination can make an ordinary situation frightening.” Discuss.
2. Describe the psychological state of the boy in The Wish.
3. How does Roald Dahl create suspense and fear in the story?
ReplyDelete1. The Selfish Giant
Short-answer Questions
1. Why did the Giant build a wall around his garden?
2. How did the Giant realize that he had been selfish?
3. What message does The Selfish Giant convey?
Long-answer Questions
1. Describe the transformation of the Giant from a selfish person into a kind and loving person.
2. “The Selfish Giant is a story about love, sharing and kindness.” Discuss.
3. Explain the significance of the little boy in the story
2. The Oval Portrait
Short-answer Questions
1. Why was the painter's wife unhappy about his passion for painting?
2. What happened when the painter completed his wife's portrait?
3. Why is the story titled The Oval Portrait?
Long-answer Questions
1. “The painter loved his art more than his wife.” Discuss.
2. How does The Oval Portrait show the destructive power of obsession?
3. Describe the character of the painter and his attitude towards his wife.
3. God Sees the Truth but Waits
Short-answer Questions
1. Why was Aksionov accused of murdering the merchant?
2. Why did Aksionov forgive Makar Semyonich?
3. Why is the story titled God Sees the Truth but Waits?
Long-answer Questions
1. “Forgiveness is greater than revenge.” Discuss with reference to Aksionov.
2. Describe the transformation of Aksionov during his years in prison.
3. How does Tolstoy present the theme of justice and injustice in the story?
4. The Wish
Short-answer Questions
1. What did the boy imagine the carpet to be?
2. Why was the boy afraid of the black patches on the carpet?
3. What role does imagination play in The Wish?
Long-answer Questions
1. “Imagination can make an ordinary situation frightening.” Discuss.
2. Describe the psychological state of the boy in The Wish.
3. How does Roald Dahl create suspense and fear in the story?
1. The Selfish Giant
ReplyDeleteShort-answer 1. Why did the Giant build a wall around his garden?
The Giant built a high wall around his garden because he was selfish. He did not want the children to enter and play there. He wanted the garden only for himself. He even put up a notice warning people not to enter his garden.
Short-answer 2. How did the Giant realize that he had been selfish?
The Giant realized that he had been selfish when he saw the children playing in his garden again. He noticed that spring had returned because the children brought happiness and life to the garden. He understood that his selfishness had kept the garden in winter. He decided to allow the children to play there.
Short-answer 3. What message does The Selfish Giant convey?
The story conveys the message that love, kindness and sharing bring happiness. Selfishness makes a person lonely and unhappy, whereas generosity creates joy. The Giant becomes happy only after he learns to share his garden and love the children.
Long-answer 1. Describe the transformation of the Giant from a selfish person into a kind and loving person.
At first, the Giant is selfish and cruel. He does not want the children to enter his beautiful garden, so he builds a high wall around it. As a result, the garden remains in winter while spring comes everywhere else.
Later, the Giant sees the children entering the garden through a hole in the wall. He realizes that the garden looks beautiful only when the children are there. He feels sorry for his selfish behaviour and breaks down the wall.
From then on, he welcomes the children and plays with them. He becomes kind and loving. He especially loves a little boy whom he cannot meet for many years. At the end, the little boy comes back and takes the Giant to Paradise. Thus, the Giant changes from a selfish person into a generous and loving one.
Long-answer 2. “The Selfish Giant is a story about love, sharing and kindness.” Discuss.
The Selfish Giant strongly emphasizes love, sharing and kindness. At the beginning, the Giant is selfish because he does not allow children to play in his garden. His selfishness brings loneliness and unhappiness.
When the Giant understands that the children bring spring and happiness to his garden, he changes his behaviour. He breaks the wall and allows the children to play freely. His garden becomes beautiful again, and he becomes happy.
The Giant's kindness is also shown when he helps the little boy who cannot climb the tree. He lifts the boy into the tree and later develops deep affection for him. Therefore, the story teaches that sharing and loving others bring true happiness.
Long-answer 3. Explain the significance of the little boy in the story.
ReplyDeleteThe little boy is a very important character in The Selfish Giant. He represents love, innocence, forgiveness and divine kindness. When the Giant helps him climb the tree, the Giant's heart becomes full of love.
The boy later disappears, making the Giant eager to see him again. After many years, he returns with wounds on his hands and feet. The Giant becomes worried and asks who has hurt him. The boy tells him that the wounds are signs of love.
Finally, the boy invites the Giant to his garden, which is Paradise. Thus, the little boy helps complete the Giant's spiritual transformation and represents divine love and salvation.
2. The Oval Portrait
Short-answer 1. Why was the painter's wife unhappy about his passion for painting?
The painter's wife was unhappy because he became completely obsessed with painting. He spent most of his time painting and paid little attention to her. She felt jealous of his art because he seemed to love painting more than he loved her.
Short-answer 2. What happened when the painter completed his wife's portrait?
When the painter completed the portrait, he was extremely excited because he believed that it was a perfect representation of his wife. However, his wife had become extremely weak and pale during the long process. When the painter finally looked at her, he discovered that she was dead.
Short-answer 3. Why is the story titled The Oval Portrait?
The story is titled The Oval Portrait because the portrait of the painter's wife is central to the story. The narrator discovers it in the old château and becomes fascinated by it. The story behind the portrait explains how the painter's obsession with art caused his wife's death.
Long-answer 1. “The painter loved his art more than his wife.” Discuss.
The painter in The Oval Portrait is deeply obsessed with his art. Although he loves his wife, his passion for painting becomes stronger than his concern for her well-being.
He makes his wife sit for a portrait for a long time. She becomes weaker and weaker, but he does not notice her condition because he is completely focused on producing a perfect painting.
When he finally completes the portrait, he is delighted by its beauty. However, he then realizes that his wife is dead. His reaction shows that he has been so absorbed in his art that he has failed to care for the person he loves.
Therefore, the story shows that excessive obsession with art can destroy love and human relationships.
3. God Sees the Truth but Waits
ReplyDeleteShort-answer 1. Why was Aksionov accused of murdering the merchant?
Aksionov was accused because the merchant was found dead after travelling with him. A bloodstained knife was also found among Aksionov's belongings. Although he was innocent, the evidence made the authorities believe that he had murdered the merchant.
Short-answer 2. Why did Aksionov forgive Makar Semyonich?
Aksionov forgave Makar because he had developed a deep spiritual understanding during his years in prison. He realized that revenge could not bring back his lost years. When Makar confessed his crime, Aksionov chose forgiveness instead of hatred.
Short-answer 3. Why is the story titled God Sees the Truth but Waits?
The title means that God knows the truth even when human beings cannot discover it immediately. Aksionov is innocent but suffers for many years. Eventually, Makar confesses the truth. Thus, the story shows that truth and justice may take a long time, but they are ultimately known by God.
Long-answer 1. “Forgiveness is greater than revenge.” Discuss with reference to Aksionov.
Aksionov suffers greatly because he is wrongly accused of murdering a merchant. He spends many years in prison for a crime he did not commit. Later, he discovers that Makar Semyonich, a fellow prisoner, was the real murderer.
Aksionov initially feels angry when he realizes the truth. However, he does not take revenge. When Makar confesses his crime and asks for forgiveness, Aksionov forgives him.
This forgiveness gives Aksionov spiritual peace. It also makes Makar genuinely repentant. Therefore, the story shows that forgiveness is more powerful than revenge because it frees both the victim and the wrongdoer from hatred and guilt.
Long-answer 2. Describe the transformation of Aksionov during his years in prison.
Before imprisonment, Aksionov is a cheerful and successful merchant. His life changes completely when he is falsely accused of murder and sentenced to prison.
At first, he feels angry, helpless and deeply disappointed. As the years pass, however, he becomes religious and peaceful. He spends his time praying, reading religious books and helping other prisoners.
When he discovers that Makar is the real murderer, he initially feels hatred. Later, he forgives Makar. This shows that Aksionov has developed great spiritual strength. His physical imprisonment changes him into a calm, forgiving and spiritually free person.
Long-answer 3. How does Tolstoy present the theme of justice and injustice in the story?
Tolstoy presents Aksionov's life as an example of human injustice. Aksionov is innocent, but the authorities wrongly accuse him because the evidence appears to be against him. He spends many years in prison for a crime he did not commit.
The real criminal, Makar Semyonich, remains free for years and later becomes Aksionov's fellow prisoner. Eventually, Makar confesses the truth.
Although human justice fails Aksionov, the truth is finally revealed. The title suggests that God knows the truth even when people do not. Thus, Tolstoy contrasts imperfect human justice with divine justice and truth.
4. The Wish
Short-answer 1. What did the boy imagine the carpet to be?
The boy imagined the carpet to be a dangerous world containing snakes and fire. He divided its different colours into safe and dangerous areas. His imagination transformed an ordinary carpet into a frightening landscape.
Short-answer 2. Why was the boy afraid of the black patches on the carpet?
The boy imagined that the black patches were dangerous and contained poisonous snakes. He believed that stepping on them would cause him to die. Therefore, he carefully tried to avoid the black parts while crossing the carpet.
Short-answer 3. What role does imagination play in The Wish?
ReplyDeleteImagination is the central element of the story. The boy transforms an ordinary carpet into a dangerous landscape in his mind. His imagination creates fear and suspense. The story shows how a child's powerful imagination can make ordinary things seem frightening and real.
Long-answer 1. “Imagination can make an ordinary situation frightening.” Discuss.
In The Wish, an ordinary carpet becomes a dangerous world through the boy's imagination. He imagines the different colours of the carpet as different kinds of danger.
The black patches become poisonous snakes, while other parts represent safe or dangerous areas. The boy becomes extremely careful because he believes that stepping on the wrong colour will cause disaster.
Although the carpet itself is harmless, the boy's imagination makes it terrifying. Through this situation, Roald Dahl shows the power of imagination and how fear can be created by the mind.
Long-answer 2. Describe the psychological state of the boy in The Wish.
The boy is imaginative, excited and frightened at the same time. He looks at the carpet and creates an imaginary world in his mind. He believes that the black parts are dangerous and that he must avoid them.
As he moves across the carpet, his fear increases. He becomes extremely cautious because he thinks that one mistake will bring disaster.
His psychological state changes from playful imagination to intense fear. Dahl uses the boy's thoughts to create suspense and make the reader experience his fear.
Long-answer 3. How does Roald Dahl create suspense and fear in the story?
Roald Dahl creates suspense mainly through the boy's imagination. He makes the ordinary carpet appear to be a dangerous landscape. The reader becomes interested in whether the boy will safely cross it.
The description of the black patches as dangerous areas increases the tension. The boy's careful movements and fear make the situation more dramatic.
Dahl also keeps the reader uncertain about what is real and what exists only in the boy's imagination. This combination of imagination, uncertainty and danger creates suspense throughout the story.
Class 11 English – Poetry
ReplyDeleteAnswers to the 5 Important Questions
1. What message does the poem Corona Says give to human beings?
The poem gives the message that human beings should respect nature and stop exploiting it. Humans have damaged the natural environment through pollution, deforestation and excessive development. The COVID-19 pandemic made people stay inside their homes and gave nature a chance to recover. The poem reminds us that humans are not the masters of nature and should live in harmony with it.
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2. How does the speaker express the depth and permanence of his love in A Red, Red Rose?
The speaker expresses his deep and everlasting love through beautiful comparisons. He compares his love to a newly blossomed red rose and a sweet melody. He promises to love his beloved as long as he lives and even until the seas become dry and the rocks melt in the sun. These exaggerated images show that his love is sincere, powerful and eternal.
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3. What are the seven stages of human life described by Shakespeare?
Shakespeare describes human life as having seven stages:
1. Infancy – a helpless baby crying in its nurse's arms.
2. Schoolboy – a reluctant child going slowly to school.
3. Lover – a young man expressing his love through sighs and romantic songs.
4. Soldier – a brave and ambitious man seeking honour and reputation.
5. Justice – a mature and wise man enjoying his social position.
6. Old age – a weak and thin man becoming physically dependent.
7. Second childishness – extreme old age in which a person loses his senses and becomes helpless.
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4. “The poem Corona Says is a criticism of human activities against nature.” Discuss.
Corona Says by Vishnu S. Rai presents the coronavirus as a speaker who questions human behaviour. The poem suggests that humans have become selfish and destructive. They have polluted the environment, destroyed forests and exploited natural resources for their own benefit.
During the pandemic, humans were forced to stay inside their homes. As a result, nature began to recover. The air became cleaner, pollution decreased and animals could move more freely.
Through Corona's voice, the poet reminds humans that they are only a part of nature, not its owners. The pandemic therefore becomes a warning to humanity. The poem encourages people to respect nature, reduce environmental destruction and live peacefully with other living beings.
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5. Explain Shakespeare's comparison of the world to a stage and human beings to actors.
In All the World's a Stage, William Shakespeare compares the whole world to a stage and human beings to actors. According to him, people enter the world, perform different roles during their lives and finally leave it.
Shakespeare divides human life into seven stages. A person first appears as a helpless infant, then becomes a schoolboy, lover, soldier, justice, old man and finally reaches a second childhood. Each stage has its own behaviour, responsibilities and characteristics.
The comparison shows that human life is temporary and constantly changing. Just as actors play different roles on a stage, people play different roles throughout their lives. Shakespeare's main message is that every human being passes through a natural cycle from birth to old age and death.
ReplyDeleteA. A Matter of Husbands – Ferenc Molnár
Short-answer questions
1. Why does the Actress visit the Doctor?
2. What does the Actress tell the Doctor about her husband?
3. How does the Doctor react to the Actress's story?
4. Why does the Actress think that the Young Woman is trying to take her husband away?
5. What does the Doctor advise the Actress to do?
6. How does the Doctor prove that the Actress's husband is not really in love with the Young Woman?
7. Why does the Young Woman come to the Doctor?
8. How does the play create confusion between truth and illusion?
Long-answer questions
1. How does the play A Matter of Husbands present the theme of deception and illusion? Explain.
2. Describe the character of the Actress. What do her actions reveal about her personality?
3. The play suggests that people sometimes create their own version of reality. Discuss this idea with reference to the play.
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B. Facing Death – August Strindberg
Short-answer questions
1. Who is Monsieur Durand?
2. What difficulties does Monsieur Durand face in his life?
3. Who are the three daughters of Monsieur Durand?
4. Why does Monsieur Durand decide to commit suicide?
5. What does Monsieur Durand expect from his daughters?
6. Why does Adele refuse to help her father financially?
7. What does Therese think about her father's situation?
8. How does Monsieur Durand's financial condition affect his family relationships?
9. Why does Monsieur Durand burn the insurance policy?
10. What happens at the end of the play?
Long-answer questions
1. Describe Monsieur Durand as a tragic character.
2. How does Facing Death portray poverty, family conflict and human selfishness?
3. Discuss the relationship between Monsieur Durand and his daughters. What does this relationship reveal about family values?
4. Explain the significance of the title Facing Death.
पृथ्वीको विभिन्न ठाउँको हावापानी एकै किसिमको हुँदैन। कुनै ठाउँमा अत्यधिक गर्मी हुन्छ भने कुनै ठाउँमा अत्यधिक जाडो, कतै भारी वर्षा हुन्छ भने कतै सुक्खा मरुभूमि हुन्छ। यिनै विभिन्न प्रकारका हावापानी सिर्जना हुनु र परिवर्तन हुनुमा मुख्यतया निम्न तत्वहरूले प्रभाव पारेका हुन्छन्:
ReplyDelete१. अक्षांश (Latitude)
* सूर्यको किरण पृथ्वीको भूमध्यरेखा (Equator) मा सीधा (ठाडो) पर्छ भने ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रहरूतिर जाँदा छड्के पर्दै जान्छ।
* भूमध्यरेखा आसपासका क्षेत्रमा वर्षभरि सूर्यको ताप बढी मिल्ने हुनाले गर्मी हुन्छ भने ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रहरूमा सूर्यको किरण छड्के पर्ने हुँदा सधैँ अत्यधिक जाडो र हिउँ जम्ने गर्छ।
२. समुद्र सतहबाटको उचाइ (Altitude)
* जमिनको सतहदेखि उचाइ बढ्दै जाँदा वायुमण्डल पातलो हुँदै जान्छ र तापक्रम घट्दै जान्छ (सामान्यतया हरेक १६५ मिटर उचाइमा १ डिग्री सेल्सियस तापक्रम घट्छ)।
* यसै कारणले गर्दा समान अक्षांशमा रहेका स्थानहरूमा पनि समतल भूभागभन्दा उच्च पहाडी तथा हिमाلی क्षेत्रहरूमा बढी जाडो हुन्छ।
३. समुद्रबाटको दूरी (Distance from the Sea)
* समुद्रको पानी ढिलो तातो हुन्छ र ढिलो चिसो हुन्छ। यसको प्रभावले समुद्र किनारका क्षेत्रहरूमा मौसम सन्तुलित (न धेरै गर्मी, न धेरै जाडो) हुन्छ।
* तर, समुद्रदेखि टाढा रहेका भित्री भूभाग वा महाद्वीपको बीच भागमा गर्मीमा अत्यधिक गर्मी र जाडोमा अत्यधिक जाडो हुने विषम हावापानी पाइन्छ।
४. पर्वतमाला वा उच्चावच (Relief / Mountain Ranges)
* अग्ला पहाड तथा हिमालहरूले बाफ बोकेर आउने मौसमी वायु (जस्तै मानसुन) लाई छेक्छन्, जसका कारण पहाडको एकातर्फ भारी वर्षा हुन्छ भने अर्कोतर्फ वर्षा नपुग्ने सुक्खा क्षेत्र वा वृष्टिछायाँ क्षेत्र (Rain-shadow area) बन्छ।
* उदाहरणका लागि, नेपालमा हिमालय पर्वत शृङ्खलाले दक्षिणबाट आउने मानसुन वायुलाई छेकी देशैभर वर्षा गराउन मुख्य भूमिका खेलेको छ।
५. वायुमस्रत तथा वायुको चाल (Prevailing Winds)
* हावाको बहाव र दिशाले पनि हावापानीमा ठूलो प्रभाव पार्छ। तातो ठाउँबाट आउने हावाले तापक्रम बढाउँछ भने चिसो वा हिमालतर्फबाट आउने हावाले तापक्रम घटाउँछ।
* त्यसैगरी, सामुद्रिक क्षेत्रबाट आउने हावाले पर्याप्त आर्द्रता (चिस्यान) बोकेर आउने हुनाले वर्षा गराउँछ।
६. वनजंगल र वनस्पति (Vegetation)
* घना जंगलले सूर्यको प्रकाशलाई सीधै जमिनमा पर्नबाट केही हदसम्म रोक्छ र वाष्पोत्सर्जन (Transpiration) प्रक्रियामार्फत वायुमण्डलमा चिस्यान बढाएर वर्षा गराउन सहयोग गर्छ।
* वनजंगलको विनासले स्थानीय हावापानीलाई सुख्खा र तातो बनाउँदै लैजान्छ।
७. मानव क्रियाकलाप (Human Activities)
* आधुनिक समयमा मानवीय गतिविधिहरू (जस्तै: औद्योगीकरण, इन्धनको अत्यधिक प्रयोग, वन फँडानी, सहरीकरण) ले वायुमण्डलमा कार्बनडाइअक्साइड र अन्य हरितगृह ग्यासहरूको मात्रा बढाएको छ।
* यसले गर्दा विश्वव्यापी तापक्रम (Global Warming) वृद्धि भई स्थानीय र विश्वव्यापी हावापानीको स्वरूपमा नकारात्मक परिवर्तन आइरहेको छ।
The Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun
ReplyDeleteSummary
"The Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun" by the Nepali writer Shankar Lamichhane is told in the stream-of-consciousness technique through two monologues: one of a foreign tourist visiting the Kathmandu valley and one of a Nepali tourist guide. The two voices show two very different faces of the same country: the beauty the visitor sees, and the reality the guide knows.
In the first monologue, the tourist expresses wonder at everything the valley offers: the natural scenery, the fragrance of the soil, the clay houses painted red, yellow and white, and the air filled with the serenity of the mountains. The tourist feels the West is indebted to the East, which gave it the Puranas, images of brass and ivory, manuscripts of palm leaves and inscriptions on copperplates. The visitor is fascinated by the legend of Manjushri, who cut the gorge at Chobhar and drained the lake to create the valley, and above all by the eyes found everywhere in Nepal: the "samyak gaze" of the shaven monks and nuns that sees everything in its purest form, the eyes painted on windows and door panels, and the peaceful half-closed eyes of the Buddha. For the tourist, Nepal is a wonderful land where Aryans and non-Aryans, Hindus and Buddhists live together in harmony.
In the second monologue, the guide takes the tourist to a remote village to show the harsh reality that lies beyond the sightseeing: the poverty that no novel describes and no camera captures. In a farmer's house they meet an innocent couple whose son is completely paralyzed: he cannot speak, move his hands, chew or even spit, and the only sign of life in his body is his eyes. The simple villagers mistake the foreign visitor for a doctor, an eldest son who has crossed the seven seas to bring a life-restoring cure for his brother, and their eyes fill with welcome and hope.
The story closes on this contrast between two kinds of eyes: the serene half-closed eyes of the Buddha that symbolize peace and harmony, and the helpless eyes of the paralyzed boy that reveal the country's poverty and pain. Through them, the author unites the beauty and the sorrow of Nepal into a single unforgettable picture.
Central Idea of “Half-closed Eyes and the Sinking Sun”
ReplyDeleteThe essay “Half-closed Eyes and the Sinking Sun” by Shankar Lamichhane presents the beauty of Nepal, especially the Kathmandu Valley, through the eyes of a foreign visitor. It describes Nepal’s natural beauty, cultural richness, ancient temples, traditional lifestyle, and peaceful atmosphere.
The writer suggests that Nepal is a unique country where nature, art, culture, and spirituality exist together. The title symbolizes a peaceful and relaxed way of looking at the world, particularly at sunset. The essay also encourages readers to appreciate Nepal’s beauty and cultural heritage.
How to Live Before You Die
ReplyDeleteSummary
"How to Live Before You Die" is the famous commencement speech that Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple, delivered at Stanford University in 2005. In a simple, personal and informal style, Jobs tells three stories from his own life to inspire the graduating students.
The first story is about connecting the dots. Jobs was born to an unwed college graduate student who decided to put him up for adoption, insisting that he go to an educated family. A lawyer's family backed out at the last minute because they wanted a girl, so he was adopted by a mechanic, Paul Jobs, and his wife Clara, who promised he would one day go to college. Jobs later dropped out of college because it was consuming his parents' savings, yet the classes he dropped in on out of pure curiosity proved priceless later. His lesson: "you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards", so trust that your experiences will one day join into something meaningful.
The second story is about love and loss. Jobs built Apple into a great company, but at thirty its board of directors fired him from the company he had founded. The failure freed him: he entered one of the most creative periods of his life, and he learned that the only way to do great work is to love what you do, and if you haven't found it yet, keep looking and "don't settle".
The third story is about death. Jobs calls death "very likely the single best invention of life", because it clears out the old to make way for the new. Remembering that we will die is the best way to avoid the trap of thinking we have something to lose. "Your time is limited," he tells the students, "so don't waste it living someone else's life." The speech ends with his famous farewell: "Stay hungry, stay foolish."
Central Idea of “How to Live Before You Die”
ReplyDeleteThe central idea of How to Live Before You Die is that life is precious and uncertain, so we should live it meaningfully. We should follow our dreams, take risks, learn from our failures, and make our own decisions. Instead of wasting time fearing failure or trying to please others, we should do what we truly love. The text teaches us to value every moment of life and live without regrets.
In conclusion, we should live life to the fullest, follow our passion, and make every day meaningful.
Answer the following questions.
ReplyDeletea. How does the tourist describe his initial impression of the Kathmandu valley?
The tourist describes his initial impression of the Kathmandu valley through the words of appreciation of natural sceneries, landscape, the fragrance of soil, and the clay-made homes painted in red, yellow, and white. He feels the air filled with the serenity of mountains and is fascinated by views of the valley.
b. According to the tourist, why is the West indebted to the East?
Tourists insist that the west is indebted to the east because the west has provided different civilizations through Puranas, brass- figures and ivory decorations. In addition, the manuscripts of palm leaves, copperplate inscriptions and ornaments of the west have a different value and this fascinates the west. The atmosphere, cultural and religious harmony is what the west is indebted to the east.
c. How does the tourist interpret the gaze of the monks and nuns?
The tourist interprets the gaze of the monks and nuns as ‘the samyak gaze’. They believe that the gaze of monks has a holy sight. They take it as an uncontaminated, free from all impurities and discriminations.
d. Why do the tourists think Nepali people are wonderful and exceptional?
The tourists think Nepal is wonderful and exceptional because of their co-existent lives and peaceful nature.
e. What are the different kinds of communities in the Kathmandu valley and how do they coexist with each other?
Aryans, non-Aryans, Hindus, and Buddhists are the various kinds of communities in the Kathmandu Valley. They co-exist with each other due to the effect of Nepali soil that allows them to grow together and live together in harmony and peace.
f. What does the tourist feel about the temple of Adinath?
When she saw the Adinath temple from Chobhar hill, she feels the living example of Nepalese tolerance. Nepal is stand out with the example of harmony because of coexistence and variety of gods, religions, and philosophies
Answer the following questions.
ReplyDeletea. What is the story about Steve Jobs’ birth?
Steve Jobs was given birth by an unwed college graduate student. She decided to put her baby for adoption during her pregnancy. She wanted her baby to be adopted by an educated family. Initially, a lawyer's family was ready to adopted Steve Jobs. But when he was born the lawyer's family insisted to adopt him as they had changed their minds to adopt a girl. Later a mechanic named Paul Jobs, and his wife, Clara Jobs adopted him with a promise that one day they would sent him in college to study.
b) Jobs contends that you need to love to do what you do in order to be great at it. Do you agree or disagree? Why?
ReplyDeleteYes, I agree with his views that we must love what we do to become great because continuous effort and hard work is required to carve our path to be success.
c. Is death really life’s greatest invention?
Yes, death is life's greatest invention, death is inevitable and nobody lives forever. Nobody wants to die, but everyone shares this intellectual concept. Instead of being worried about death, one should look how he/she could do great until they survive.
Rice by Jhumpa Lahiri
ReplyDeleteSummary
“Rice” is a short piece by Jhumpa Lahiri that focuses on the cultural importance of rice and its role in family traditions, hospitality, and human relationships.
Rice is more than an ordinary food. It represents love, care, generosity, and a sense of belonging. In many South Asian cultures, rice is an essential part of daily life and is served to guests as a sign of respect and welcome.
The piece highlights how food connects people with their culture and traditions. Preparing and sharing food can express feelings that words cannot easily communicate. Rice also reminds people of their family background and cultural identity.
The central message is that simple things in everyday life can have deep emotional and cultural meanings. Through rice, the writer draws attention to the importance of food, family, hospitality, and cultural heritage.
Conclusion: Through the description of her father’s pulao, Lahiri expresses her admiration for him and shows how a special dish can become a lasting symbol of family love and cultural heritage.
The essay “Rice” describes Lahiri's father’s skills in making pulao, a dish mix of rice and various spices. The author explains her father’s tacit knowledge more than the dish itself. It is very difficult to write down and articulate the recipe. He has acquired the skills of preparing pulao out of his sheer interest without learning it from anybody or any institution. He could make pulao for hundreds of people based on his andaj, estimation. The author has a fear that the skills might disappear with her father’s death.
ReplyDeleteCentral Idea of "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings"
ReplyDeleteThe central idea of the story "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings" by Gabriel García Márquez is the cruelty, selfishness, greed and lack of humanity in human beings.
The story shows how people treat a mysterious old man with enormous wings as a strange creature rather than respecting him as a human being or an angel. Pelayo and Elisenda use him to earn money, while the villagers torture and insult him out of curiosity. Even the priest doubts his identity. Nobody shows genuine love, kindness or sympathy towards him.
Through magical realism, the writer criticizes human greed, religious hypocrisy and society's tendency to exploit helpless people. The old man's eventual flight symbolizes freedom, hope and the victory of the spirit over human cruelty.
In conclusion: The story teaches us that we should treat others with kindness, compassion and respect instead of judging, exploiting or humiliating them.
1. What is the main idea of the essay "Rice"?
ReplyDeleteAnswer:
The essay "Rice" by Jhumpa Lahiri describes her father's special skill in preparing pulao. Pulao is a traditional dish made of rice and different spices. The essay mainly focuses on the father's practical or tacit knowledge rather than the recipe itself.
Her father learned to prepare pulao through his personal interest and experience. He did not receive formal training from anybody or any institution. He could prepare pulao for hundreds of people by using his own estimation, which is called andaj.
The writer explains that it is difficult to express or write down her father's cooking skills in words. She is also worried that this valuable knowledge may disappear after her father's death.
Thus, the essay highlights practical knowledge, personal experience, family tradition and the importance of preserving traditional skills.
2. Describe the father's skill in preparing pulao.
Answer:
Jhumpa Lahiri's father is highly skilled in preparing pulao. He has developed this skill through his personal interest, practice and experience. He has not learned it from any professional cook or institution.
He knows how to use rice, spices and other ingredients in the correct proportions. He can prepare pulao for hundreds of people by using his own estimation (andaj). His cooking does not depend on written instructions or exact measurements.
His knowledge is practical and difficult to explain in words. His ability shows that experience and personal interest can develop extraordinary skills.
3. Why does the writer call her father's knowledge tacit knowledge?
Answer:
The writer calls her father's knowledge tacit knowledge because it is based on personal experience, practice and understanding rather than written instructions.
Her father knows how to prepare delicious pulao, but he cannot easily explain the exact process or measurements. He uses his own estimation (andaj) while cooking.
His knowledge is deeply rooted in his experience and cannot be easily transferred through books or formal teaching. Therefore, it is called tacit knowledge.
4. Why is the writer afraid of her father's death?
Answer:
The writer is afraid that her father's special cooking skills may disappear after his death. Her father has acquired the knowledge of preparing pulao through years of personal experience.
He does not follow a written recipe or exact measurements. His cooking depends on his personal judgment and estimation. Since this knowledge is difficult to write down or teach to others, the writer fears that nobody may be able to preserve it after his death.
The essay shows the importance of preserving traditional knowledge and family skills for future generations.
5. Is the essay "Rice" simply about rice, or is it also about something else? Explain.
Answer:
No, the essay is not simply about rice or pulao. It is mainly about the writer's father, his personality, his special cooking skills and family traditions.
The writer describes her father as a methodical man who follows a regular routine in his daily life. He is very careful and accurate in everything he does. His ability to estimate the quantity of rice for different numbers of people makes him special.
Pulao is an expression of his personality and identity. It also connects different generations of the family. He prepares it on special occasions, including the traditional rice-feeding ceremonies of his daughter and grandchildren.
Therefore, the essay is about fatherly love, family relationships, cultural identity and the preservation of traditional skills, not just food.
6. What does pulao mean to Lahiri? Does it have the same meaning for her father?
ReplyDeleteAnswer:
For Lahiri, pulao is more than a delicious dish. It represents her father's love, care, talent and family tradition. It reminds her of important family celebrations and childhood memories.
For her father, pulao is an expression of his personal skill and creativity. He has developed his own way of preparing it and has become famous among family members and friends for his cooking.
Thus, pulao has different but closely connected meanings for them. For Lahiri, it represents emotional attachment and family memories, whereas for her father, it represents his personal achievement and identity.
7. What is an 'annaprasan'? Why is it important to Bengalis?
Answer:
Annaprasan is a traditional Bengali ceremony in which a baby is given solid food, especially rice, for the first time.
It is an important cultural and religious occasion for Bengali families. It marks a significant stage in a child's growth and development.
Lahiri remembers that her father prepared his special pulao for her annaprasan. He also prepared it for the annaprasan ceremonies of her children. In this way, pulao becomes a symbol of family tradition passed from one generation to another.
8. Why would Lahiri never try to make her father's pulao?
Answer:
Lahiri knows some of the ingredients and techniques used by her father, but she does not know the exact recipe.
Her father's pulao is unique because it is the result of his personal experience, practice and creativity. He has perfected the dish over many years.
She considers the pulao an extension of her father's personality. She believes that it belongs to him and that he has earned the right to make it in his own special way.
Therefore, she would never dare to prepare it herself.
9. What does Lahiri mean when she says that her father has earned the copyright of his pulao?
Answer:
By saying that her father has earned the copyright of his pulao, Lahiri means that the dish has become his personal identity.
He has developed and perfected his own recipe through years of experience. He has prepared it for hundreds of people on different occasions.
Nobody else can easily reproduce the same taste and quality. Therefore, Lahiri humorously compares his special cooking rights to copyright.
The statement shows her deep respect and admiration for her father's unique talent.
B. Short-answer questions (2–5 marks)
10. How does Lahiri describe her father?
Answer:
Lahiri describes her father as a 78-year-old methodical man. He is disciplined, careful and consistent in his daily activities. He has worked for 39 years cataloguing books in a university library. He follows a regular routine and is excellent at estimating the amount of rice needed for different numbers of people.
11. What is andaj?
Answer:
Andaj is a Bengali word that means estimation. It refers to the ability to estimate the correct quantity of ingredients without using exact measurements. Lahiri's father is famous for his accurate estimation of rice.
12. What makes her father's pulao special?
Answer:
Her father's pulao is special because of its unique taste, ingredients and preparation method. He uses basmati rice, butter, cinnamon, cloves, bay leaves, cardamom, cashews and raisins. He follows his own method rather than a written recipe.
13. What is the relationship between pulao and family tradition?
ReplyDeleteAnswer:
Pulao connects different generations of Lahiri's family. Her father prepared it for her annaprasan and later for the annaprasan ceremonies of her children. Thus, it represents cultural heritage, family love and continuity.
14. What is the purpose of the essay "Rice"?
Answer:
The purpose of the essay is to describe the writer's father's unique personality and cooking skills. Through the description of pulao, Lahiri expresses her love, respect and admiration for her father and highlights the importance of family traditions.
क): बचत (Savings)
ReplyDelete मानिसले आफ्नो सबै आम्दानी खर्च नगरी भविष्यका लागि वा आपत्कालीन अवस्था (बिरामी, जमिन/घर खरिद आदि) को वास्ता गर्दै छुट्याएर राखेको रकम नै बचत हो भनी पुस्तकको आधारमा बुझाउने।
महत्त्व: यसले पूँजी निर्माण, लगानी सिर्जना, भविष्यको सुरक्षा र दुःखको समयमा आवश्यकता पूरा गर्न सहयोग पुर्याउँछ।
बचत गर्ने स्थानहरू:
औपचारिक वित्तीय संस्थाहरू (वाणिज्य बैंक, विकास बैंक आदि)।
अर्ध-औपचारिक संस्थाहरू (सहकारी संस्था, आमा समूह, महिला समूह आदि)।
अनौपचारिक निकाय (साहुमहाजन, नातेदार) र घरायसी बचत (माटो वा काठको भाँडोमा)। उच्च ब्याजको लोभमा अनौपचारिक ठाउँमा बचत गर्दा जोखिम हुने कुरामा सचेत गराउने।
क): सेयर (Share) र यसको महत्त्व
ReplyDeleteपरिचय: कुनै संस्था वा कम्पनीले आफ्नो व्यवसायको विकास र विस्तारका लागि आवश्यक पूँजी सङ्कलन गर्न कम्पनीको पूँजीलाई स-साना इकाइमा विभाजन गरेको अंश नै सेयर हो। नेपालमा प्रति कित्ता सेयरको मूल्य रु. १०० कायम गर्ने प्रचलन छ।
सेयरको महत्त्व: राष्ट्रको समग्र विकास, उद्योगधन्दाको स्थापना, मानिसलाई वित्त व्यवस्थापनको ज्ञान र आयआर्जनमा सहयोग पुग्छ।
सेयरका प्रकारहरू:
अग्राधिकार सेयर (Preferential Share): निश्चित लाभांश प्राप्त गर्ने तर मतदान गर्न र साधारण सभामा भाग लिन नपाउने (जोखिम उठाउन नचाहनेले लगानी गर्ने)।
साधारण सेयर (Ordinary Share): अग्रधिकार सेयरधनीलाई लाभांश दिएर बाँकी रहेको वितरण गरिने, यो जोखिमपूर्ण हुन्छ तर मतदान गर्न र साधारण सभामा भाग लिन पाइन्छ।
खण्ड (ग): डिम्याट खाता (Demat Account) र आवश्यक कागजात
सेयर खरिद गर्न वा कारोबार गर्न सुरुमा डिम्याट (DEMAT - Dematerialization) खाता खोल्नुपर्छ, जसको अर्थ भौतिक रूपमा रहेको सेयर प्रमाणपत्रलाई विद्युतीय प्रणालीमा अभिलेख राख्नु हो।
डिम्याट खाता खोल्न आवश्यक कुराहरू:
बैंक खाता
नागरिकताको प्रमाणित प्रतिलिपि
आवेदकको स्थायी ठेगाना
मनोनीत व्यक्तिको विवरण (Nominee details)
सम्पर्क नम्बर
हालै खिचेको पासपोर्ट साइज फोटो
क): बीमाको परिचय र अर्थ (Introduction and Meaning)
ReplyDeleteपरिचय: हाम्रो जीवन जोखिम र अनिश्चितताले घेरिएको छ (जस्तै: सडक दुर्घटना, प्राकृतिक प्रकोप जस्तै बाढी, पहिरो, भूकम्प आदि)। यस्ता जोखिमबाट पूर्ण रूपमा मुक्ति पाउन नसकिए पनि हानिनोक्सानीलाई कम गर्न वा आर्थिक भार हस्तान्तरण गर्ने उपाय नै बीमा हो।
अर्थ: बीमा भनेको जोखिम न्यूनीकरण, हस्तान्तरण र व्यवस्थापन गर्ने उपाय हो। बीमा गर्ने व्यक्तिलाई बीमित (Insured) र बीमा कम्पनीलाई बीमक (Insurer) भनिन्छ भने दुवैबीच हुने सम्झौता पत्रलाई बीमालेख (Insurance Policy) भनिन्छ।
खण्ड (ख): नेपालमा बीमाको इतिहास र प्रकारहरू
इतिहास: विश्वमा बीमाको सुरुवात सन् १३०० मा इटालीबाट भएको हो भने नेपालमा औपचारिक रूपमा वि.सं. २००४ साल असोज ८ गते ‘नेपाल माल चलानी तथा चित्त कम्पनी’ को नामबाट स्थापना भएको थियो। पछि वि.सं. २०२५ मा राष्ट्रिय बीमा संस्थान (हाल राष्ट्रिय बीमा कम्पनी) को स्थापना भयो। हाल नेपालमा थुप्रै जीवन, निर्जीवन र पुनर्बीमा कम्पनीहरू सञ्चालनमा छन्।
बीमाका प्रकारहरू:
जीवन बीमा (Life Insurance): मानिसको जीवनको जोखिम विरुद्धको आर्थिक सुरक्षा हो। अवधि सकिए पछि बोनससहित रकम फिर्ता पाइन्छ। (उदा: आजीवन जीवन बीमा, आवधिक जीवन बीमा, म्यादी जीवन बीमा आदि)।
निर्जीवन बीमा (Non-life Insurance): धनसम्पत्ती, उद्योग, कृषि, मोटरगाडी आदिमा प्राकृतिक वा दैविको कारणले नोक्सानी हुँदा क्षतिपूर्ति विरुद्धको आर्थिक सुरक्षा हो। यसको अवधि सामान्यतया एक वर्षको हुन्छ र नवीकरण गर्नुपर्छ। (उदा: अग्नि बीमा, सवारी बीमा, उपचार बीमा आदि)।
पुनर्बीमा (Re-insurance): कुनै पनि बीमा कम्पनीले आफ्नो जोखिमलाई व्यवस्थापन गर्न अर्को कम्पनीमा बीमा गर्नुलाई पुनर्बीमा भनिन्छ (जस्तै: नेपाल रिइन्स्योरेन्स कम्पनी)।
नोट: नेपालमा हाल कृषि बीमा, पशु बीमा र स्वास्थ्य बीमाको पनि सुरुवात भइसकेको छ।
खण्ड (ग): बीमाका फाइदाहरू र ध्यान दिनुपर्ने कुराहरू
फाइदाहरू: जोखिम न्युनिकरण, अनिवार्य बचत, आयकर छुट (रु. ४०,००० सम्म), आपत्कालीन अवस्थामा ऋण लिन सकिने, र आर्थिक सुरक्षा प्राप्त हुने।
बीमा गर्दा ध्यान दिनुपर्ने कुराहरू: बीमा गर्नुको उद्देश्य स्पष्ट हुनुपर्ने, बीमालेख राम्रैसँग पढ्नुपर्ने, आधिकारिक बीमा अभिकर्ता वा कम्पनी छनौट गर्ने, नियमित रूपमा बीमा शुल्क (प्रिमियम) तिर्ने र कसैको दबाबमा परेर बीमा नगर्ने।
. पाठको मुख्य उद्देश्यहरू
ReplyDelete• कर र गैरकर राजस्वको सामान्य अर्थ बुझाउनु।
• प्रत्यक्ष र अप्रत्यक्ष करबीचको फरक उदाहरणसहित स्पष्ट पार्नु।
• देशको विकास र जनहितमा करको महत्व प्रष्ट्याउनु।
• नेपालमा प्रचलित प्रमुख करहरू (भ्याट, अन्तःशुल्क, भन्सार महसुल र आयकर) को परिचय दिनु।
• प्रश्न:"हामीले पसलबाट सामान किन्दा बिलमा अतिरिक्त रकम जोडिएको हुन्छ नि, वा अभिभावकले आम्दानी गर्दा सरकारलाई पैसा तिर्नुपर्छ, यसलाई के भनिन्छ?"
• विद्यार्थीहरूको उत्तर सुनेपछि शिक्षकले कर (Tax) को परिभाषा : कर भनेको नागरिकले कानुनबमोजिम सरकारलाई अनिवार्य रूपमा तिर्नुपर्ने रकम हो। कर तिरेबापत नागरिकले तुरुन्तै प्रत्यक्ष लाभ त पाउँदैनन्, तर सरकारले उक्त रकमबाट देशको विकास र जनहितका काम गर्छ
क. कर र गैरकर राजस्व
• कर राजस्व (Tax Revenue): सरकारले विभिन्न करहरूबाट उठाउने आम्दानी हो, जुन सरकारी आम्दानीको सबैभन्दा ठूलो स्रोत हो।
• गैरकर राजस्व (Non-Tax Revenue): कर बाहेक अन्य स्रोतबाट सरकारलाई प्राप्त हुने आम्दानी; जस्तै— दण्ड, जरिवाना, शुल्क, अनुदान, उपहार र सार्वजनिक सम्पत्तिबाट हुने आम्दानी।
ख. करका प्रकारहरू: प्रत्यक्ष र अप्रत्यक्ष कर
ह्वार्टबोर्डमा तलको तालिका बनाएर विद्यार्थीहरूलाई बुझाउने:
भिन्नताका आधार
प्रत्यक्ष कर (Direct Tax)
अप्रत्यक्ष कर (Indirect Tax)
भार (Burden)
जसको आम्दानी वा सम्पत्तिमा लगाइन्छ, उसैले तिर्नुपर्छ; अर्कोमा सार्न सकिंदैन।
वस्तु तथा सेवामा लगाइन्छ; यसको भार बिक्रेताबाट उपभोक्तामा सार्न सकिन्छ।
उदाहरणहरू
आयकर, सम्पत्ति कर, घरजग्गा कर, सवारी कर।
मूल्य अभिवृद्धि कर (भ्याट), अन्तःशुल्क, भन्सार महसुल।
छल्ने सम्भावना
यो कर छल्ने सम्भावना केही बढी हुन्छ।
मूल्यमै जोडिने हुनाले छल्न कठिन हुन्छ।
ग. कर किन तिर्ने? (करको महत्व)
विद्यार्थीहरूलाई बुझाउने बुँदाहरू:
• सडक, पुल, विद्यालय, अस्पताल, खानेपानी जस्ता पूर्वाधार निर्माण गर्न।
• सरकारी कर्मचारी, शिक्षक, प्रहरी र सेनालाई तलब खुवाउन।
• ज्येष्ठ नागरिक, अपाङ्गता भएका व्यक्ति र एकल महिलालाई सामाजिक सुरक्षा भत्ता वितरण गर्न।
• देशलाई आर्थिक रूपमा आत्मनिर्भर बनाउन र असमानता हटाउन।
घ. नेपालमा प्रचलित प्रमुख करहरू
• मूल्य अभिवृद्धि कर (VAT): उत्पादन र वितरणका चरणमा थपिने मूल्यमा लाग्ने कर (नेपालमा १३% छ, जसको सुरुवात वि.सं. २०५४ मा भएको हो)। सामान किन्दा सधैं भ्याट बिल लिनुपर्छ।
• अन्तःशुल्क (Excise Duty): देश भित्र उत्पादन हुने तथा स्वास्थ्य र वातावरणलाई असर पार्ने वस्तुहरू (जस्तै: मदिरा, चुरोट, सवारी साधन) मा लगाइने कर।
• भन्सार महसुल (Custom Duty): वैदेशिक व्यापार (आयात-निर्यात) गर्दा भन्सार बिन्दुमा लगाइने कर।
• आय कर (Income Tax): व्यक्ति वा संस्थाको आम्दानी वा नाफामा लाग्ने कर।